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Universitas Udayana
Oscillators are very useful in practical applications, for instance, to
keep time, or to focus energy in a system.
dEtot 1 dv 1 dx dx
0 m 2v k 2 x v
dt 2 dt 2 dt dt
dv d 2x Newton’s law
m k x 0 m 2 k x 0 F=ma!
dt dt
k
Solution : x(t ) x0 cos( t 0 )
m
x0 : amplitude
: frequency
0 : phase 3
AN ELECTROMAGNETIC OSCILLATOR
Capacitor initially charged. Initially, current is zero, energy is
all stored in the capacitor.
dEtot 1 di 1 dq dq
0 L 2i 2q i
dt 2 dt 2C dt dt
di 1
0 L q (the loop rule!)
dt C
d 2q q Compare with: d 2x
0L 2 m 2 k x 0
dt C dt
Analogy between electrical
and mechanical oscillations:
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And rememberin g that,
0.8 1
0.6
Energy in capacitor cos x sin x 1, and
2 2
0.4
Energy in coil LC
0.2
1 2
0 Etot Emag Eele q0
Time 2C
The energy is constant and equal to what we started with. 6
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The oscillator parameter is the quantity that repeats.
In the examples, the oscillator parameter has units of sound
intensity, light intensity, dollars, and pressure, respectively.
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The period (denoted T, measured in seconds) is the time
required for one cycle.
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The amplitude (A) of the oscillation is the maximum value of the
oscillation parameter, measured relative to the average value of
that parameter.
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Many naturally occurring oscillators are of the class called
resonators. They oscillate freely at one particular frequency. This
kind of oscillation is called simple harmonic motion.
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x
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Some definitions for simple harmonic motion.
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The oscillator parameter repeats itself
every time the phase t + changes by 2 .
This happens every time t changes by one period (T)
2
t = T
1
The frequency of the motion is f
T 2
expressed in units of Hertz = oscillations per s
The phase changes at the rate radians per s.
This is called the circular frequency or angular
frequency.
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x 0 cos( )
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dx
v x0 cos( t )
dt
v varies from - x0 to + x0
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EXAMPLE 1 : TUNING A RADIO RECEIVER
maximum;
• = 2500 rad/s
When will the capacitor • T = period of one complete cycle
be fully charged for the = 2/ = 2.5 ms
• Capacitor will be charged after 1/4 cycle
first time? i.e at t = 0.6 ms
1.5
0.5
Charge
0
Current
Time
-0.5
-1
-1.5
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EXAMPLE 3
In the circuit shown, the
switch is in position “a” for a 1 mH
E=10 V
long time. It is then thrown to 1 mF
position “b.”
a
Calculate the amplitude of the b
resulting oscillating current.
i q0 sin( t 0 )
• Switch in position “a”: charge on cap = (1 mF)(10 V) = 10 mC
• Switch in position “b”: maximum charge on C = q0 = 10 mC
• So, amplitude of oscillating current =
1
q0 (10mC ) 0.316 A
(1mH )(1mF )
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EXAMPLE 4
In an LC circuit, the maximum current is 1.0 A.
If L = 1mH, C = 10 mF what is the maximum charge on
the capacitor during a cycle of oscillation?
q q0 cos( t 0 )
dq
i q0 sin( t 0 )
dt
Maximum current is i0=q0 q0=i0/
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DAMPED LC OSCILLATOR
Ideal LC circuit without resistance:
C
oscillations go on for ever; = L
(LC)-1/2 R
Real circuit has resistance,
dissipates energy: oscillations 2 Rt
Q
die out, or are “damped” U max e L
1.0
Math is complicated! Important 2C
points: 0.8
time (s)
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Capacitor and inductor combination produces an electrical
oscillator, natural frequency of oscillator is w=1/LC
Total energy in circuit is conserved: switches between
capacitor (electric field) and inductor (magnetic field).
If a resistor is included in the circuit, the total energy decays (is
dissipated by R).
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Generally speaking, the oscillator produces sinusoidal and
other waveforms
An oscillator is any measurable quantity capable of repetition.
Examples:
Volume of a loudspeaker
Brightness of a bulb
Amount of money in a bank account
The air pressure near your eardrum
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electronic system
comprises active and passive circuit elements and sinusoidal
produces repetitive waveforms at the output without the
application of a direct external input signal to the circuit.
converts the dc power from the source to ac power in the load
A rectifier circuit converts ac to dc power, but an oscillator
converts dc noise signal/power to its ac equivalent.
The general form of a harmonic oscillator is an electronic
amplifier with the output attached to a narrow-band electronic
filter, and the output of the filter attached to the input of the
amplifier.
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