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Vu Mai Phuong
 Introduction
The given line graph demonstrates the trends in
violent crime levels in the US over a period of 22
years commencing from 1978.
 Overview
Overall, there was a downward trend in the total
crime rate and victimizations reported to police
in the second half of this period of time whereas
the figures for crimes reported by police and
arrests for violent crime steadily increased
throughout the time given.
 Body 1
In the first 10 years, there were fluctuations in the
total crime rate but the overall trend was upbeat. By
about 1989, it rose to a record high, around 4.5
offences per thousand Americans, half the figure in
1980 (slightly over 3 offences), the lowest ever
recorded during the given period. Victimizations rose
and fell at a lower level between 2 and 2.5 offences in
the first decade. From 1988 onwards, the total crime
rate declined gradually and so did victimizations
reported to police. In 2000, 3 out of a thousand
Americans committed violent crime while half as
many victims were reported to the police.
 Body 2
The 22 year period saw a steady increase in the
number of crimes recorded by police, reaching
its highest in the year 1994, over 1.5 offences in
a thousand. The arrest rate was the lowest,
levelling off below 0.5 offences per 1,000. Both
these numbers dropped slightly, standing at 1.5
and 0.5 offences respectively in 2000.
 Introduction
The given line graph illustrates the average
output of carbon dioxide in metric tonnes for
each individual in four European countries,
namely United Kingdom, Sweden, Italy and
Portugal over a forty – year period starting from
1967.
 Overview
Overall, the United Kingdom and Sweden, which
initially showed a higher CO2 output, saw a
decline in emissions by the end of the period.
On the other hand, Italy and Portugal which
started with relatively low emissions,
experienced a dramatic increase in CO2 output
in the end.
 Body 1
In 1967, The UK showed the highest amount of
carbon emissions at 11 metric tonnes per person.
Sweden started at a lower level, around 9 metric
tonnes before rising to a peak in output in 1977 with
nearly 2 more metric tonnes of CO2
emissions. Regarding the UK, there was a steady
decline in CO2 output ending at around 9 metric
tonnes for each individual. Sweden followed a similar
trend, seeing a sharp decline to slightly more than 5
metric tonnes of CO2 output by 2007.
 Body 2
Conversely, Portugal in 1967 had the lowest CO2
output at just over 1 metric tonne per person,
which increased almost five-fold ending at
approximately 5 tonnes over the next 40 years.
Twice as much CO2 emissions was recorded in
Italy in 2007 as its initial number in 1967, 8
metric tonnes and 4 metric tonnes respectively.
Practice
Table
 Introduction
The given table depics the changes in the
percentages of smokers among 15 – to – 20 year
– old British youngsters over the period of 30
years commencing from 1970.
 Overview
Overall, except two years 1990 and 1995, male
smokers made up more than females in the total
youngster population aged between 15 and 20.
There was an upward trend in the number of
teenagers who smoked during the given period.
 Body 1
In 1970, smoking was the least popular among
young people aged 15 to 20, with only 10% for
males and 5% for females. The following 20
years saw a dramatic increase in the smoking
rate among males and females. Over a third of
the young male population smoked in 1990
whereas young females showed a growing
interest in smoking, standing at 37% in 1990
which even outmatched their male counterparts
in the same year, at 1% lower.
 Body 2
Towards the end of this period, the percentages
of smokers declined for both genders,
constituting 28% and 27% for males and females
respectively, still more than much higher than
30 years earlier.
 Introduction
The given table compares the carbon dioxide
emissions from four main transport sources
(namely, road transport, railways, civil aviation
and shipping) in the United Kingdom, France
and Germany in 2 years 1994 and 2004.
 Overview
Overall, both UK and France failed to reduce
carbon dioxide emissions from transport sources
during the 10 – year period whereas the
opposite trend was observed in Germany. Road
transport continued to account for the biggest
source of emissions.
 Body 1
Germany, although having higher emission
output than either the UK or France, saw the
amount decrease slightly from 47.2 to 46.7
million tonnes. By comparison, France recorded
an increase of four million tonnes from 34.7
million in 1994, while the UK had a smaller
growth, 2.5 million tonnes over the same
period.
 Body 2
In 2004, road transport produced up to 32.6 million
tonnes of emissions in England, 2 million more than
10 years earlier whereas the other three sources
did not show any considerable growth. The same
pattern was seen in France where road transport
added 3.6 million tonnes to the total emissions
within ten years. Germany, by contrast, was the
only country to experience a drop in road transport
emissions. Other three transport sources also saw a
marginal decrease except civil aviation, with the
amount slightly rising to 1.2 million.
Practice
Pie chart
 Introduction
The two provided pie charts compares the
proportion of five types of energy production in
France in 1995 and 2005.
 Overview
Overall, in both years, the most significant
sources of energy were gas and coal while
nuclear and other kinds of energy sources
generated the least amount of energy in France.
There was only a minimal change in all types of
energy production over the 10 year period.
 Body 1
In 1995, energy produced by coal was the
highest, at 29.8% and increased by merely 1% to
30.9% 10 years later. Likewise, a high proportion
of energy was generated by gas in 1995, at
29.8% compared to a marginally higher figures
in 2005, at 30.1%.
 Body 2
Regarding the less popular methods of
producing energy, there was an approximate 5%
growth in production from both nuclear power
and other sources in 2005, 10.1% and 9.1%
respectively. Petrol, on the other hand, was the
only source of energy which decreased in
production from 29.27% in 1995 to around one-
fifth in 2005.
Multiple set of data
 Introduction
The two pie charts, combined with the line
graph, illustrate the worldwide energy
consumption by type, the countries with oil
reserves in billion reserves and the world oil
prices in dollars per barrel from 2000 to 2025.
 Overview
Overall, oil remained as an important energy
source, with the majority of reserves being
located in Mid-east countries. By 2025, the oil
price is forecast to increase steadily and remain
at a higher rate than in the early 2000s.
 Body 1
According to the pie charts, the consumption of oil
was the highest in 2005, accounting for 37% of the
energy consumed worldwide, followed by coal and
natural gas, taking up 28% and 23% separately.
Nuclear power and hydro-electricity evenly
contributed to the remaining 12%. Saudi Arabia and
Canada were the two countries with the largest oil
reserves – 20% versus 14%. Four Mid-east
countries, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait and United Arab
followed behind, each having 8% to 10% of the
global reserves. Venezuela, Russia and the United
States were on the list as well, but had a smaller
share, 6%, 5% and 2% respectively.
 Body 2
The line graph shows a wide variation in the world
oil prices in the first decade of the 21st century. In
2000, oil cost a mere 33 dollars per barrel, or even
less in the following three years. The year 2003
onwards saw a marked surge in the oil price, which
finally hit a peak of 60 dollars in 2006 before going
down to approximately 48 dollars in 2010. Since
then, there is expected to be a stable increase in
the oil cost throughout the rest of the given period,
still around 20 dollars higher than the initial prices
in 2000.