Optical Fiber

Total Internal Reflection

Propagation of light
 Size of core
 Numerical Aperture
 Acceptance angle
 Fractional refractive Index change
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Modes of propagation
 Single mode
 Multimode

 Step –index fibre

 Graded index fibre
Multi-Mode vs. Single-mode
Normalized frequency or V modes
V  2aNA / 
a : radius of core
 : wavelength of ligth
Cut-off Wavelength
Definition: the wavelength below which multiple modes of light can
be propagated along a particular fiber, i.e., >=c, single mode, <c,
multi-mode

2a
c   NA
2.405
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Fiber Loses
 The optical power at output of fiber is less than the
power at injected end. The reduction is expressed in
decibel(dB)
 Attenuation = [10 log (Pi/Po)]/L
 Material Absorption: related to material composition
(inherent property of glass ,impurities)
 Linear Scattering: related to density fluctuations
produces attenuation (1/λ4 ) Rayleigh scattering
 Fibre bending/ geometric loses: related to Irregulrities
Q. Consider a fiber with n1=1.48,n2=1.46 and core radius
a=30µm. Show that all rays making an angle θ<9.430 with
the axis will be guided through the fibre.

Q. Calculate the maximum value of angle of incidence that a

ray can make with the axis of fibre such that it is guided
through the fiber with n1=1.6, n2=1.5. Discuss light gathering
power of the fiber.

Q. A glass clad fibre is made with core glass of refractive

index 1.5 and cladding is doped to give index difference of
0.0005. Determine (i) cladding refractive index(ii)critical
reflection angle (iii) critical acceptance angle (iv) numerical
aperture.
Applications
 Communication
 Military
 Medical
 Entertainment
 Sensors
Q. Calculate numerical aperture, acceptance angle and
critical angle of fiber having core refractive index=1.50
and cladding index = 1.45
Q.A glass clad fiber is made with core glass of refractive
index 1.5 and cladding is doped to give fractional
refrctive index difference of 0.0005. Determine (i)
cladding index (ii) critical refractive index (iii)
acceptance angle (iv) numerical aperture.
1.477,0.26,15
0.85
(0.387,22.78,75.2) (1.4925,88.2,112,0.0464)
Q. A step index fiber in air has a NA of 0.16, a core
refractive index of 1.45 and core diameter of 60cm.
Determine the normalized frequency of fiber when
light of wavelength 0.9μm is transmitted.
Q. Calculate maximum radius allowed for a fiber having
core refractive index =1.47 and cladding =1.46. Fiber
has sported of only one mode at wavelength of
1300nm.
Q. A slit 1.00 mm wide is illuminated by light of wavelength 589 nm. We see a
diffraction pattern on a screen 3.00 m away. What is the distance between the first
two diffraction minima on the same side of the central diffraction maximum?

Q.A single slit is illuminated by light of wavelengths λa and λb, chosen so that the
first diffraction minimum of the λa component coincides with the second minimum of
the λb component. (a) If λb = 350 nm, what is λa? For what order number mb (if
any) does a minimum of the λb component coincide with the minimum of the λa
component in the order number (b) ma = 2?
Q.A grating has 400 lines/mm. How many orders of the entire visible spectrum
(400-700 nm) can it produce in a diffraction experiment, in addition to the m = 0
order?

Q. A grating has 350 rulings/mm and is illuminated at normal incidence by white

light. A spectrum is formed on a screen 30.0 cm from the grating. If a hole 10.0 mm
square is cut in the screen, its inner edge being 50.0 mm from the central
maximum and parallel to it, what are the (a) shortest and (b) longest wavelengths
of the light that passes through the hole?
Q. Light at wavelength 589 nm from a sodium lamp is incident perpendicularly on a
grating with 40 000 rulings over width 76 nm. What are the first-order (a) dispersion
D and (b) resolving power R

Q. A grating has 600 rulings/mm and is 5.0 mm wide. (a) What is the smallest
wavelength interval it can resolve in the third order at λ = 500 nm?

Q. With a particular grating the sodium doublet (589.00 nm and 589.59 nm) is
viewed in the third order at 10° to the normal and is barely resolved. Find (a) the
grating spacing and (b) the total width of the rulings.

Q. A diffraction grating with a width of 2.0 cm contains 1000 lines/cm across that
width. For an incident wavelength of 600 nm, what is the smallest wavelength
difference this grating can resolve in the second order?
Q. a broad beam of light of wavelength 620 nm is sent directly
downward through the top plat of a pair of glass plates touching
at the left end. The air between the plates acts as a thin film, and
an interference pattern can be seen from above the plates. Initially,
a dark fringe lies at the left end, a bright fringe lies at the right end,
and nine dark fringes lie between those two end fringes. The plates are then very
gradually squeezed together at a constant rate to decrease the angle between
them. As a result, the fringe at the right side changes between being bright to being
dark every 15.0 s. (a) At what rate is the spacing between the plates at the right end
being changed.

Q. The reflection of perpendicularly incident white light by a soap film in air has an
interference maximum at 600 nm and a minimum at 450 nm, with no minimum in
between. If n = 1.33 for the film, what is the film thickness, assumed uniform?

Q.
Q.A double-slit arrangement produces interference fringes for sodium light (.A = 589
nm) that have an angular separation of 3.50 X 10-3 rad. For what wavelength would
the angular separation be 10.0% greater?

Q. Suppose that Young's experiment is performed with blue-green light of

wavelength 500 nm. The slits are 1.20 mm apart, and the viewing screen is 5.40 m
from the slits. How far apart are the bright fringes near the center of the interference
pattern?

Q. Monochromatic green light, of wavelength 550 nm, illuminates two parallel

narrow slits 7.70 μm apart. Calculate the angular deviation of the third-order (m = 3)
bright fringe (a) in radians and (b) in degrees.
Q. Two isotropic point sources Sl and S2 emit light in phase at wavelength λ and at
the same amplitude. The sources are separated by distance 2d = 6.00λ. They lie on
an axis that is parallel to an x axis, which runs along a viewing screen at distance D =
20λ. The origin lies on the perpendicular bisector between the sources. The figure
shows two rays reaching point P on the screen, at position Xp. (a) At what value of
Xp do the rays have the minimum possible phase difference? (b) What multiple of λ
gives that minimum phase difference? (c) At what value of Xp do the rays have the
maximum possible phase difference? What multiple of λ gives (d) that maximum
phase difference