TESTS OF SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE

Lesson Objectives
At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:
1. define the basic terms associated with determining tests
of difference;
2. differentiate null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis;
3. understand the meaning of level of significance;
4. differentiate one-tailed test and two-tailed test;
5. differentiate t-test and z-test and when to use them; and
6. compute for the difference between two sample means.
 Conducting the Test of Difference

•1. State null () and alternative () hypotheses

2. Select the appropriate test statistic
and establish the critical region
3. Compute for the test statistical value
4. Make a decision. The decision rule states that
reject if the test statistic value lies inside the
critical region; if not, reject the
5. Make a conclusion
 Null and Alternative Hypothesis
The
• principal of Masagana High School claims that the average IQ of
their students is 90%. A teacher of this school feels that the IQ of one
of his classes is not 90 so he/she conducts a statistical test
: The average IQ is equal to 90. (μ = 90)
: The average IQ is not equal to 90. (μ ≠90)

A delivery service claims that it takes an average of 25 hrs or less to

send a package from Bulacan to Palawan. A certain consumer is
doing a study to test the truth of the claim. Several complaints had
led the consumer to suspect that delivery time is longer than 25 hrs.
: The average time is less than or equal to 25 hours. (μ ≤ 25)
: The average time is greater than 25 hours. (μ > 25)
 z-test and t-test
• z-test is used for large sample sizes,
when n is greater than or equal to 30 (n ≥ 30)
t-test is used for small numbers,
which are less than 30 (n < 30)

z-test where - sample mean

μ – population mean
n – sample size
t-test s – sample standard dev
σ – population standard dev
A
• buyer of paint complains that he/she is getting less than 4 gallons
per container from his/her supplier. A sample of 16 containers
reveals a mean 3.8 grams with a standard deviation of 0.46 grams.
Is the buyer’s complaint valid? Use 0.01 level of significance.

a. : The container contains 4 gallons (μ = 4 gal)

: The container contains less than 4 gallons (μ < 4 gal)
b. n = 16 (t-test, one tailed)
df = n – 1 = 15 = 0.01
critical value: – 2.602
c. t-test value
d. Decision: Since the computed value is inside the acceptance
region, one must accept the null hypothesis
e. Conclusion: The complaint of the buyer is not valid
 Testing Difference between Two
Sample Means
Independent
• Sample Means:

where – first sample mean

– second sample mean
– first sample size
– second sample size
– standard deviation of first sample
– standard deviation of second sample
 Testing Difference between Two
Sample Means
Independent
• Sample Means:

where – first sample mean

– first sample size
– standard deviation of first sample
– second sample mean
– second sample size
– standard deviation of second sample
 Testing Difference between Two
Sample Means
Dependent
• Sample Means:

df = n-1
where d – mean of difference of paired observed values
=
– standard deviation of the difference
n – number of pairs in the sample
A manufacturing company of sports equipment has developed a new
•
synthetic fishing line that it claims has a mean breaking strength of 8
kilograms with a standard deviation of 0.5 kilogram. Test the hypothesis
that μ = 8 kilograms against the alternative that μ ≠ 8 kilograms if a
random sample of 50 lines is tested and found to have a mean breaking
strength of 7.8 kilograms. Use a 0.01 level of significance.

a. : μ = 8 kg
b. : μ 8kg
c. = 0.01
d. Critical region: z -2.6575 and z 2.575
e. Computations: z = = = 2.83
f. Conclusion: Reject . The average breaking strength is not
equal to 8, but is, in fact, less than 8 kilograms. Therefore, we accept
the alternative hypothesis, : μ ≠ 8 kilograms.
Exercises
1.
• The average pork ribs served at a restaurant is at least 250
grams. To test the claim, state the null and alternative
hypothesis and determine where the critical region is .
2. Given random sample of sizes 11 and 14, from two
independent populations, with a mean of 75 and 60, and a
standard deviation of 6.1 and 5.3, test the hypothesis at a
that against the alternative that . Use a level of significance
of 0.05.
3. A sample of 100 recorded deaths in the country during the
past year showed an average life span of 71.8 years, with a
standard deviation of 8.9 years. Use a level of significance of
0.05 to test the claim that the average life span today is
greater than 70 years.