Data Base Systems

6th -Lecture
General Scenario of DB usage

Application Program

DBMS

Operating System
USER

Hardware
SQL (Structured Query Language)

The language that we use to extract data from a

relational database is called Structured Query
Language. SQL belongs to the category of fourth
Generation Language (4GL).
 SQL
• SQL is not a product. It is a standard language
that many products use such as DB2, Oracle,
Ingres, Informix, Sybase, SQL Server, and
MS-Access have adopted.

• These products are called Relational Data Base

Management Systems.
• We tell DBMS What to do.
• DBMS decides How to do.
 SQL (DDL,DML,DCL,TCL)

SQL is concerned with three most common

tasks, needed by any user of a data base
management system, namely: Data Definition
Language DDL, Data Manipulation Language
DML, and Data Control Language DCL.
DBMS
 Data Definition Language (DDL)
• Data Definition Language is used to define the
database structure or schema.
• These statements define the implementation
details of the database schema, which are
usually hidden from the users.
• It simply deals with descriptions of the
database schema and is used to create and
modify the structure of database objects in
database.
 DDL
• CREATE – is used to create the database or its objects
(like table, index, views, store procedure and triggers).
• DROP – is used to delete objects from the database.
• ALTER-is used to alter the structure of the database.
• TRUNCATE–is used to remove all records from a
table, including all spaces allocated for the records are
removed.
• COMMENT –is used to add comments to the data
dictionary.
• RENAME –is used to rename an object existing in the
database.
 DDL
• Create table/ Add, update, View.

CREATE TABLE Book

( id INTEGER
Title CHAR(30),
Author CHAR (20),
Publisher CHAR (30),
Subject CHAR (20),
)
We are telling the DBMS that create a table called Book, in
which there are five columns as specified. The DBMS stores
this information in a special area called DB Catalog.
 DML (Data Manipulation Language)
• DML statements are used for managing data
with in schema object.
• SELECT – is used to retrieve data from a
database.
• INSERT – is used to insert data into a table.
• UPDATE – is used to update existing data
within a table.
• DELETE – is used to delete records from a
database table.
 CRUD Operations/ SQL Queries
• C: CREATE
• R: Read (SELECT)
• U: UPDATE
• D: DELETE
 DCL (Data Control Language)
• DCL includes commands such as GRANT and
REVOKE which mainly deals with the rights,
permissions and other controls of the database
system.
• GRANT-gives user’s access privileges to
database. allow specified users to perform
specified tasks.
• REVOKE-withdraw user’s access privileges
given by using the GRANT command. cancel
previously granted or denied permissions.
 TCL (transaction Control Language)
• TCL commands deals with the transaction within
the database.
• COMMIT– commits a Transaction (Save work
done).
• ROLLBACK– rollbacks a transaction in case of
any error occurs. Restore database to original
since the last COMMIT.
• SAVEPOINT–sets a save point within a
transaction.
• SET TRANSACTION–specify characteristics
for the transaction.
 Student Table
Name Math Science Language Total Ave Result
Ali 68 90 72
Mudasir 95 92 80
Zaigham 29 67 41
Hussnain 45 60 71
Subtain 77 82 64
Hamza 55 76 67
Asad 59 52 41
Moazam 81 56 33
zain 32 31 36
 READ/ SELECT
• SELECT * FROM Student

SELECT: informs the RDBMS that I want to select (

retrieve) something from student table.
* indicates that I want to select all information from
the student table.
FROM: specifies that the table name would follow
now.
Student: this is the name of the table from which I
want to retrieve data.
 READ/ SELECT
• SELECT * FROM Students WHERE Name =
‘Moazam’
Name Math Science Language Total Ave Result
Moazam 81 56 33

• SELECT Name FROM Student WHERE Science

= ‘82’
Name
Subtain
 Drop
• If we need to delete this table in the future, a
single line will do the job.

DROP TABLE Student

 INSERT
• INSERT statement will insert one row at a
time.

• INSERT INTO Student (Name, Math, Science,

Language) (‘Saad’, 68, 90, 70)
Name Math Science Language Total Ave Result
Ali 68 90 72 230
Mudasir 95 92 80 267
Zaigham 29 67 41 137
Hussnain 45 60 71 .
Subtain 77 82 64 .
Hamza 55 76 67 .
Asad 59 52 41 .
Moazam 81 56 33 .
zain 32 31 36 99
Saad 68 90 70 228
 UPDATE
• The UPDATE statement is used to modify the
existing records in a table.

UPDATE Student SET Total = Math + Science +

Language
 UPDATE

Name Math Science Language Total Ave Result

Ali 68 90 72 230
Mudasir 95 92 80 267
Zaigham 29 67 41 137
Hussnain 45 60 71 .
Subtain 77 82 64 .
Hamza 55 76 67 .
Asad 59 52 41 .
Moazam 81 56 33 .
zain 32 31 36 99
Saad 68 90 70
 UPDATE
• UPDATE Student SET Average = Total/3
Name Math Science Language Total Ave Result
Ali 68 90 72 230 76.66
Mudasir 95 92 80 267 89.00
Zaigham 29 67 41 137 45.66
Hussnain 45 60 71 . .
Subtain 77 82 64 . .
Hamza 55 76 67 . .
Asad 59 52 41 . .
Moazam 81 56 33 . .
zain 32 31 36 99 33
 UPDATE
UPDATE Student SET Result = ‘Pass’ WHERE
Math > 34 AND Science > 34 AND Language >
34.
Name Math Science Language Total Ave Result
Ali 68 90 72 230 76.66 Pass
Mudasir 95 92 80 267 89.00 Pass
Zaigham 29 67 41 137 45.66
Hussnain 45 60 71 . . Pass
Subtain 77 82 64 . . Pass
Hamza 55 76 67 . . Pass
Asad 59 52 41 . . Pass
Moazam 81 56 33 . .
zain 32 31 36 99 33
 DELETE
DELETE FROM Student WHERE result = ‘ Fail’