 PRESENTATION BY

 IQRA SAEED.
 Roll no:
 F16-BSBC-001
 Semester
 6TH(BS . Biochemistry)
 Submitted To
 Dr. Ayesha Waheed Qureshi
 Topic
Structure and function of
plant cell , application of
plant cell wall for
pharmaceutical purpose
and applied areas.
Plant Cell

 Plant cells are the basic unit of life in

organisms of the kingdom Plantae. They are
eukaryotic cells, which have a true nucleus
along with specialized structures called
organelles that carry out different functions.
 Plant cells are differentiated from the cells of
other organisms by their cell walls,
chloroplasts, and central vacuole.
Chloroplasts

 Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant

cells and eukaryotic algae that conduct
photosynthesis. Chloroplasts absorb sunlight
and use it in conjunction with water and
carbon dioxide gas to produce food for the
plant.
 These organelles carry out the process of
photosynthesis, which turns water, carbon
dioxide, and light energy into nutrients
Vacuoles

 The central vacuole is a cellular organelle

found in plant cells. It is often the largest
organelle in the cell. It is surrounded by a
membrane and functions to hold materials
and wastes. It also functions to maintain the
proper pressure within the plant cells to
provide structure and support for the growing
plant.
Cell Wall

 The cell wall is the protective, semi-

permeable outer layer of a plant cell. A major
function of the cell wall is to give the cell
strength and structure, and to filter
molecules that pass in and out of the cell.
Mitochondria

 The most prominent roles of mitochondria

are to produce the energy currency of
the cell, ATP (i.e., phosphorylation of ADP),
through respiration, and to regulate
cellular metabolism.
 The central set of reactions involved in
ATP production are collectively known as the
citric acid cycle, or the Krebs cycle.
Endoplasmic reticulum

 The endoplasmic reticulum serves many

general functions, including the folding of
protein molecules in sacs called cisternae and
the transport of synthesized proteins in
vesicles to the Golgi apparatus.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum

 Rough endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle

found in eukaryotic cells.
 Its main function is to produce proteins. It is
made up of cisternae, tubules and vesicles.
The cisternae are made up of flattened
membrane disks, which are involved in the
modification of proteins.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

 Its main functions are the synthesis of lipids,

steroid hormones, the detoxification of
harmful metabolic byproducts and
the storage and metabolism of calcium ions
within the cell.
 The smooth ER is distinguished from the
other parts of the endoplasmic reticulum by
the absence of membrane-bound ribosomes.
Cytoplasm

 The jelly-like fluid that fills a cell is called

cytoplasm. It is made up of mostly water and
salt.
 It provide a boundary around the cytoplasm,
to bind the cells together and to filter
different chemicals to determine which are
allowed to penetrate the cell. Molecules cross
the membrane by active transport, diffusion
and osmosis.
Cytoskeleton

 The cytoskeleton is the cell's skeleton.

 It has many functions, such as supporting
cell shape, allowing cellular movement and
organelle trafficking, aiding in proper cell
division, protecting against mechanical
stress, and aiding in recovery after injury.
Golgi Apparatus

 The Golgi apparatus is an organelle present in

most eukaryotic cells. It is made up of
membrane-bound sacs, and is also called a
Golgi body, Golgi complex.
 The job of the Golgi apparatus is to process
and bundle macromolecules like proteins
and lipids as they are synthesized within
the cell.
Nucleus

 This organelle has two major functions:

 It stores the cell's hereditary material, or
DNA, and it coordinates the cell's activities,
which include
 growth, intermediary metabolism, protein
synthesis, and reproduction (cell division).
Only the cells of advanced organisms, known
as eukaryotes, have a nucleus.
Ribosome

 Ribosomes are a cell structure that makes

protein. Protein is needed for many cell
functions such as repairing damage or
directing chemical processes.
 Ribosomes can be found floating within the
cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic
reticulum.
 Applications

 Disaccharides such as lactose and sucrose and

storage polysaccharides in plants, such as starch
and fructans are important resources for
producing prebiotics oligosaccharides that are
applied to the food and drink industry.

 Prebiotics causes intestinal fermentation and the

promotion of growth of beneficial gut microbials.
 Plant cell walls represent a wide diversity of
materials generated from crop and plant
residues with huge potential for applications
as biofuels and important source of dietary
fibre in human foods.
 Enzymatic saccharification of plant cell wall
components has potential applications in
different fields, including fuel, solid waste
disposal, animal feed, and paper/textile
industry.
 The cellulosic microfibrils and associated non-
cellulosic polysaccharides of plant cell walls
make up a high proportion of biomass sources
such as wheat straw and timber.
 Feedstocks can be used in
integrated biofuel populations and
metabolic processes that occur in
the large intestine.
 Lignin predominantly use as a binding and
dispersing agents in different industries.
 Lignin is an aromatic macromolecule and can
be used in replacing petroleum in biobased
products development.
 Lignin is also used in emerging biochemicals ,
bio-based materials including bio-adhesives ,
bio-surfuctants and home-based thermoset
resins.
References

 Cain, M. L., Bowman, W. D., & Hacker, S. D.

(2008). Ecology. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer
Associates, Inc.
 McMahon, M. J., Kofranek, A. M., & Rubatzky,
V. E. (2011). Plant Science: Growth,
Development, and Utilization of Cultivated
Plants (5th ed.). Boston: Prentice Hall.