Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
OF
EDUCATION
Prepared by: Mrs. Maria Lucia Arcega
SICAB
BASIC
IENCEPEREX
EXPERIENCE
IEEXNSTCE
EXISTENCE
TIEUNIMHAS
HUMANITIES
ITICDONINONG
CONDITIONING
MAJOR EDUCATIONAL
PHILOSOPHIES
ESSENTIALISM
EXISTENTIALISM
PROGRESSIVISM
BEHAVIORISM
PERENNIALISM
ESSENTIALISM
"Gripping and enduring interests frequently grow out of initial
learning efforts that are not appealing or attractive." William Bagley
How to teach?
• Teachers emphasize the MASTERY of subject matter.
PROGRESSIVISM
"We may, I think, discover certain common principles amid the variety
of progressive schools now existing. To imposition from above is
opposed expression and cultivation of individuality; to external
discipline is opposed free activity; to learning from texts and teachers,
learning through experience; to acquisition of' isolated skills and
techniques by drill is opposed acquisition of them as means of attaining
ends which make direct vital appeal; to preparation for a more or less
remote future is opposed making the most of the opportunities of
present life; to statistics and materials is opposed acquaintance with a
changing world." -- John Dewey
Progressivists believe that education should focus on the whole child,
rather than on the content or the teacher.
This educational philosophy stresses that students should test ideas
by active experimentation.
Learning is rooted in the questions of learners that arise through
experiencing the world.
Believing that people learn best from what they consider most
relevant to their lives, progressivists center the curriculum around the
experiences, interests, and abilities of students.
Teachers expose students to many new scientific, technological, and social
developments, reflecting the progressivist’s notion that progress and
change are fundamental.
Progressivists believe that education should be a perpetually enriching
process of ongoing growth, not merely a preparation for adult lives.
Effective teachers provide experiences so that students can learn by doing.
They also deny the essentialist belief that the study of traditional subject
matter is appropriate for all students, regardless of interest and personal
experience.
Why teach?
• Progressivist teachers teach learners so that they may live fully
NOW not to prepare them for adult life.
What to teach?
• More concerned with teaching learners the skills to cope with
CHANGE.
• Natural and social sciences, social developments, technology
How to teach?
• Teachers employ experiential methods, problem-solving methods,
thought-provoking games and puzzles.
PERENNIALISM
“The great books of ancient and medieval as well as modern times are a
repository of knowledge and wisdom, a tradition of culture which must
initiate each generation.” -- Mortimer Adler
What to teach?
• Humanities and General Education
How to teach?
• The perennialist classrooms are “centered around
teachers”. The teachers do not allow the students’ interest
or experiences to substantially dictate what they teach.
EXISTENTIALISM
“Man is nothing else but what he makes of himself. Such is the first
principle of existentialism.'‘ -- Jean Paul Sartre
What to teach?
• Teach students to respond favorably to various stimuli in the
environment.
How to teach?
• Arrange environmental conditions so that students can make
the responses to stimuli (e.g., well-mannered classroom, use
of attention catchers and incentives)
Other Philosophies…
Reconstructionism/ Critical Theory -- Reconstructionist educators
focus on a curriculum that highlights social reform as the aim of
education.
Cognitivism/Constructivism -- Cognitivists or Constructivists believe
that the learner actively constructs his or her own understandings of
reality through interaction with objects, events, and people in the
environment, and reflecting on these interactions. For learning to
occur, an event, object, or experience must conflict with what the
learner already knows.
Humanism -- . Humanism was developed as an educational
philosophy by Rousseau (1712-1778) and Pestalozzi, who emphasized
nature and the basic goodness of humans, understanding through the
senses, and education as a gradual and unhurried process in which
the development of human character follows the unfolding of nature.
Humanists believe that the learner should be in control of his or her
own destiny. Since the learner should become a fully autonomous
person, personal freedom, choice, and responsibility are the focus.
The learner is self-motivated to achieve towards the highest level
possible. Motivation to learn is intrinsic in humanism.
THANK YOU!