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AGRENG DEPT.
06 MARET 2008
The specific heat (C) is defined as the energy
required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of
a substance by one degree. The unit of C is
J/kg.oC or J/kg.K
Two kinds of specific heats: specific heat at
constant volume, Cv and specific heat at constant
pressure, Cp.
Cv : energy required to raise the temperature of the
unit mass of a substance by one degree as the
volume is maintained constant. Similarly for Cp.
Cv : energy required to raise the temperature of the
unit mass of a substance by one degree as the
pressure is maintained constant.
Cv and Cp (values
given are for
helium gas).
Consider a fixed mass in a stationary closed
system undergoing a process @ V constant
(no expansion or compression work).
The conservation of energy principle:
ein – eout = esystem (per unit mass)
ein – eout = du (differential)
From the definition of Cv, left hand side must
be equal to Cv dT, so:
Cv dT = du (at constant V)
or
Now, consider a constant-pressure expansion
or compression process:
The conservation of energy principle:
ein – eout = esystem (per unit mass)
ein – eout = dh (differential, Ex. 4-5)
From the definition of Cp, left hand side must
be equal to Cp dT, so:
Cv dT = dh (at constant V)
or
Remind for an ideal gas: Pv = RT
For ideal gas, the internal energy is a function of
the temperature only:
u = u(T)
Using enthalpy definition and EOS of ideal gas:
where V1 = V2 so that:
A piston–cylinder device initially contains 0.5
m3 of nitrogen gas at 400 kPa and 27°C. An
electric heater within the device is turned on
and is allowed to pass a current of 2 A for 5
min from a 120-V source. Nitrogen expands
at constant pressure, and a heat loss of 2800
J occurs during the process. Determine the
final temperature of nitrogen.
In this case we will have boundary work, Wb.
Also, heat is lost (Qout) from the system and
electrical work is done on the system (Wein)
Electrical work done on the nitrogen: