Lecture - 8 Classification of Fuels

MENG – 115 : FUELS AND
LUBRICANTS
LECTURE 8: CLASSIFICATION AND COMBUSTION OF FUELS
ENGR. JAKE ERNEST P. BINUEZA

MENG – 115 : FUELS AND LUBRICANTS | LECTURE 8: CLASSIFICATION AND COMBUSTION OF FUELS
CLASSIFICATION AND
COMBUSTION OF FUELS
VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY | COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

HYDROCARBON FUELS ARE CLASSIFIED INTO THREE MAIN

CATEGORIES:
GASEOUS: these are fuels forms that exist in a gaseous form in room
temperature and pressure. They are usually composed of carbon and
hydrogen chain molecules.
LIQUID: these are fuels that are naturally liquid in room temperature and
pressure. It has similar molecular composition as the gaseous variants.
SOLID: types of fuels that primarily comprises carbon as the main

combustion material. Its molecular structure are more complex then the
previous types and are less pure in nature.

EACH FUEL TYPES CONSTITUTES TO A SPECIFIC HEATING VALUE,

TWO TYPES OF HEATING VALUE ARE MEASURED:
HIGHER HEATING VALUE: the heating value obtained when the water in
the product of combustion is in a liquid state
LOWER HEATING VALUE: the heating value obtained when the water in
the product of combustion is in vapor state.

HIGHER HEATING VALUE (HHV)

This value is also known as the gross calorific value (GCV) or higher
calorific value (HCV). it is done by measuring the amount of energy a fuel
gives of inside a calorimeter. To measure this, the fuel, after combustion,
must be returned to the initial thermal conditions. This implies that water
in the product of combustion is returned to its liquid state accounting
water’s heat of vaporization in the process. In reality though, this heat of
vaporization of water cannot be used to provide energy to the engine.
HHV is used to compare heating values of fuels regardless of water
content. Mechanical systems such as gas-fired boilers used for space
heat are suited for the purpose of capturing the HHV as the heat
delivered is at temperatures below 150 °C (302 °F; 423 K) yet usable in
space heating.
*remember, water’s heat of vaporization is 2257 kJ/kg

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HIGHER AND LOWER VALUES
Qh – QL = 9(H2)(2442)
WHERE: H2 = 26 – 15(SG), %

THE LOWER HEATING VALUE (LHV)

This is termed as the net calorific value (NCV) or lower calorific value
(LCV). This heating value of fuels are measured in a calorimeter. This
quantity assumes that the energy required to vaporize water is not
recovered hence it is removed from the HHV resulting in a lower calorific
value. Due to this, the water in the product of combustion is in liquid state
and is the net energy that is effectively used by a heat engine. This is the
true and usable heat released by the fuel in practical sense. It is useful in
comparing fuels where condensation of the combustion products is
impractical, or heat at a temperature below 150 °C (302 °F) cannot be put
to use.

ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITION
PROXIMATE ANALYSIS: the fuel gives, on mas basis, the relative

amounts of moisture content, volatile matter, fixed carbon and ash.
ULTIMATE ANALYSIS: the fuel composition gives, on mas basis, the

relative amount of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, ash, and
moisture.

THE HEATING VALUE OF FUELS
The heating value of a liquid fuel is derived as:

ASME FORMULA FOR PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
Qh = 41,130 + 139.6 (°API), kJ/kg
BUREAU OF STANDARDS FORMULA
Qh = 51,716 – 8,793.8(SG)2 KJ/KG

COMBUSTION OF LIQUID FUELS
Liquid fuels compose mainly, just lake any other substances, of elemental
particles. These particles have known molecular weights. We calculate
combustion based on two paradigms. By volume or volumetric, and by
mass or gravimetric. Molecular weights are as follows:
Carbon = 12, hydrogen = 1, oxygen = 16, nitrogen = 14, sulfur = 32, air =
28.92. all units of molecular weight are of units g/mol

LET US CLEAR THINGS UP…..
TWO THINGS, MOLARITY AND MOLALITY. But before that, let us first
define what a MOLE is.
The mole is the unit of measurement for amount of substance in the

International System of Units (SI). The unit is defined as the amount or
sample of a chemical substance that contains as many constitutive
particles, e.g., atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, or photons, as there are
atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12 (12C), the isotope of carbon with standard
atomic weight 12 by definition. This number is expressed by the Avogadro
constant, which has a value of approximately 6.022140857×1023 mol−1.
The mole is an SI base unit, with the unit symbol mol.
MOLALITY
also called molal concentration, is a measure of the concentration of a

solute in a solution in terms of amount of substance in a specified amount
of mass of the solvent. This contrasts with the definition of molarity which
is based on a specified volume of solution.
A commonly used unit for molality in chemistry is mol/kg. A solution of

concentration 1 mol/kg is also sometimes denoted as 1 molal.

MOLARITY
Also called as molar concentration, is a measure of the concentration of a

chemical species, in particular of a solute in a solution, in terms of
amount of substance per unit volume of solution. In chemistry, the most
commonly used unit for molarity is the number of moles per litre, having
the unit symbol mol/L. A solution with a concentration of 1 mol/L is said to
be 1 molar, commonly designated as 1 M.

COMPOSITION OF LIQUID
FUELS
Liquid fuels are hydrocarbon

chains. These fuels are defined by
the amounts and ration of carbon
to hydrogen in their basic
molecules. The standard
expression for fuels are Cn H2n+2 .
Hydrocarbon variants are
illustrated.

COMPOSITION OF AIR
Oxygen is 21% by volume in air and nitrogen is 79%. This gives a ration
of 3.76 nitrogen molecules per mole of oxygen molecules. If gravimetric
basis is used, oxygen is 23.2% while nitrogen is 76.8%

The standard combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel
Combustion is the process by which fuel is reacted to an oxidizer to

extract energy stored in chemical for. Commonly, a hydrocarbon fuel is
burned to combine it with oxygen. This yields a lower energy products
and as a result, energy from high state bonds are released. This
expression is:
Fuel + air = products of combustion or, specifically,
aCnHm + bO2 = cCO2 + dH2O

IF NITROGEN IS ACCOUNTED FOR:
CnHm + xO2 + x(3.76)N2 = yCO2 + zH2O + x(3.76)N2

For perfect combustion: x = (2n + 0.5m)/2
X,y,z are in moles
THEORETICAL AIR FUEL RATIO: is the ratio of the mass of air to the
mass of fuel without excess air.
A/F = mair/mfuel , in molal basis

TO BE CONTINUED……



Lecture - 8 Classification of Fuels

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MENG – 115 : FUELS AND

ENGR. JAKE ERNEST P. BINUEZA

VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY | COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

HYDROCARBON FUELS ARE CLASSIFIED INTO THREE MAIN

SOLID: types of fuels that primarily comprises carbon as the main

VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY | COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

EACH FUEL TYPES CONSTITUTES TO A SPECIFIC HEATING VALUE,

VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY | COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

HIGHER HEATING VALUE (HHV)

*remember, water’s heat of vaporization is 2257 kJ/kg

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HIGHER AND LOWER VALUES

VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY | COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

THE LOWER HEATING VALUE (LHV)

VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY | COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

PROXIMATE ANALYSIS: the fuel gives, on mas basis, the relative

ULTIMATE ANALYSIS: the fuel composition gives, on mas basis, the

VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY | COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

THE HEATING VALUE OF FUELS

The heating value of a liquid fuel is derived as:

VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY | COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

COMBUSTION OF LIQUID FUELS

VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY | COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

LET US CLEAR THINGS UP…..

The mole is the unit of measurement for amount of substance in the

also called molal concentration, is a measure of the concentration of a

A commonly used unit for molality in chemistry is mol/kg. A solution of

VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY | COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Also called as molar concentration, is a measure of the concentration of a

VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY | COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Liquid fuels are hydrocarbon

VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY | COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY | COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

The standard combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel

Combustion is the process by which fuel is reacted to an oxidizer to

Fuel + air = products of combustion or, specifically,

aCnHm + bO2 = cCO2 + dH2O

VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY | COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

IF NITROGEN IS ACCOUNTED FOR:

CnHm + xO2 + x(3.76)N2 = yCO2 + zH2O + x(3.76)N2

A/F = mair/mfuel , in molal basis

VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY | COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY | COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY | COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY | COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

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