HUMAN BEHAVIOR

By: Mr. Christian T. Pascual, BS Crim, MSCJ

Behavior

 any act of person which is observable;

any observable responses of a person to
his environment; manner of ones conduct.
Attitude

position of the body, as suggesting some

thought, feeling, or action; state of mind,
behavior, or conduct regarding some
matter, as indicating opinion or purpose;
internal processes.
Human Behavior

the acts, attitudes and performances of

flesh and blood individuals according to
their environment; properly the subject
matter of psychology.
Psychology

 the science that studies behavior and

mental processes.
Personality

that which distinguishes and characterizes

a person.
Character

- the combination of qualities

distinguishing any person or class of
persons;
Individual Differences

No two people are exactly alike.

Men differs from women - qualitative
differences; and physical differences
People differ from day-to-day activities.
Nature of Differences:

Physical
Ability/Skill
Personality
Intelligence
Psychology and Common Sense

Psychology uses scientific method and

therefore judgment is suspended until all
facts had been analyzed
Common Sense lacks the organization of
thoughts and jumps to conclusion
immediately
Three Levels of Behavior

The Vegetative - responsible for nurturing and

reproduction, mostly found in plants; in human
beings, for food and reproduction.
The Animal - movement and sensation, mostly
the use of the senses and sex drives.
The Rational/Psyche/Human - values and
morals, reasons and the will (purpose and
freedom).
Determinants of Behavior

 HEREDITY
 ENVIRONMENT
 SELF
Heredity/Biological Factors
(nature)
genetic inheritance
ENVIRONMENT (nurture)

 socio-cultural inheritance
Environmental factors
 The family background is a basic
consideration because it is in the family
whereby an individual first experiences
how to relate and interact with another.
The family is said to be the cradle of
personality development as a result of
either a close or harmonious relationship or
a pathogenic family structure: the disturbed
family, broken family, separated or
maladjusted relations.
The influences of childhood trauma,
which affect the feeling of security of a child
undergoing development, processes. The
development processes are being blocked
sometimes by parental deprivation as a
consequence of parents or lack of adequate
maturing at home because of parental
rejection, overprotection, restrictiveness,
over permissiveness, and faulty discipline.
Pathogenic family structure – those
families associated with high frequency of
problems such as:
The inadequate family – characterized by the
inability to cope with the ordinary problems of
family living. It lacks the resources, physical or
psychological, for meeting the demands of family
satisfaction.
The anti-social family – those that espouses
unacceptable values as a result of the influence of
parents to their children.
The discordant/disturbed family – characterized
by unsatisfaction of one or both parent from the
relationship that may express feeling of frustration.
This is usually due to value differences as
common sources of conflict and dissatisfaction.
The disrupted family – characterized by
incompleteness whether as a result of death,
divorce, separation or some other circumstances.
Institutional influences such as: peer
groups, mass media, church and school,
government institutions, NGO’s, etc.
Socio-cultural factors such as war and
violence, group prejudice and
discrimination, economic and employment
problems and other social changes.
Nutrition or the quality of food that a
person intake is also a factor that
influence man to commit crime because
poverty is one of the many reasons to
criminal behavior.
SELF

 fundamental functioning of the self

structure that we make about ourselves
and our world.
Three kinds of assumptions:

Reality assumptions – assumptions about how

things really are and what kind of person we are.
Possibility y – assumptions about how things
could be, about possibilities for change,
opportunities and social progress.
Value assumptions – assumptions about the
way things ought to be, about right and wrong.
Stages of Human Development

psychoanalytic
learning
cognitive
sociocultural
Psychoanalytic Theory

psychosexual stages
anal stage
phallic stage
latency phase
genital stage
Learning Theories

Classical Conditioning
operant conditioning
Classical Conditioning

is a type of learning in which an animal’s

natural response to one object or sensory
stimulus transfers to another stimulus
operant conditioning

to describing the positive and constructive

ways that reinforcement and punishment
can be used to guide children’s behavior
Cognitive Theories

development of thinking and reasoning as

the key to understanding childhood growth
Sociocultural Theory

that children do not proceed through

universal stages or processes of
development
growth is deeply guided by the values,
goals, and expectations of their cultur
NORMAL AND ABNORMAL BEHAVIORS
Who is a normal person ?
 Free expression of personality
 Ability to exercise voluntary control over his behavior
 Adequate security feeling
 Self-esteem and acceptance
 Efficient contact/perception of reality
 Adaptability to group norms or ability to form
affectionate relationship with others
 Emotional maturity
 Adequate self-knowledge
 Integrated and consistent personality
 Productivity
Who are abnormal?

When a person fails to meet the criteria

enumerated above, he is deemed to be an
abnormal person.
Abnormal Behavior Defined:

Deviation from the average

Deviation from the ideal
Abnormality as a sense of subjective
discomfort
Abnormality as the inability to function
effectively
Legal definition of abnormality

According to the law, the distinction

between normal and abnormal behavior
rests on the definition of insanity (one
which cannot understand the difference
between right and wrong or inability to
exert control over his behavior at the time
he or she commits a criminal act), which is
a legal, but not psychological, term.
Primary, Predisposing, Precipitating, Reinforcing
Causes

 The Primary Cause – used to designate the condition

without which the disorder would not have occurred.
The main reason of the existence of the disorder.
 The Predisposing Cause – a condition that comes
before and paves the way for a possible later
occurrence of disorder under certain conditions.
 The Precipitating Cause – a condition that proves too
much for the individual and triggers the disorder.
 The Reinforcing Cause – a condition that tends to
maintain maladaptive behavior that is already occurring.
Patterns of Abnormal Behavior

 The Neurotic Behaviors

 The Psychopathic Behaviors
 The Psychotic Behaviors
Neurotic Behaviors

Psychoneurotic
Twilight zone
Types of Neurotic Disorders

Anxiety disorders
Somatoform Disorders
Dissociative Disorders
Affective Disorders
 1. Anxiety disorders

Obsessive-compulsive disorders
When an individual is compelled to think
about something that he don’t want to think
about or carry out some action against his
will.
Asthenic Disorders (Neurasthenia)
An anxiety disorder characterized by chronic
mental and physical fatigue and various
aches and pains.
Phobic Disorders – the persistent fear on
some objects or situation that present no
actual danger to the person.
Example of Phobic Disorders
Acrophobia - high places
Agoraphobia - open places
Algophobia - pain
Asthraphobia - storms, thunder, lightning
Claustrophobia - closed places
Hematophobia - blood
Hydrophobia - water
Mysophobia - contamination/germs
Monophobia - being alone
Nyctophobia - darkness
Ocholophobia - crowds
2. Somatoform Disorders

 Complains of bodily symptoms that

suggest the presence of physical
problem but no organic basis can be
found. The individual is pre-occupied
with his state of health or diseases.
Somatoform disorders includes

Hypochondriasis
Psychogenic Pain Disorder
Conversion Disorders (Hysteria)
3. Dissociative Disorders

Amnesia
 Multiple Personality
Depersonalization
 4. Affective Disorders

 The affective disorders are “mood

disorders”, in which extreme or
inappropriate levels of mood – extreme
elation or extreme depression. Forms of
affective disorders:
Types of Affective Disorders

Milder forms
Neurotic affective
 Neurotic depression
severe affective disorders
Depressive stupor
The Psychopathic Behaviors

stemmed from immature and distorted

personality development
maladaptive ways of perceiving and
thinking
They have no neurotic or psychotic
symptoms but are not able to conform to
prevailing customs and standards of
conduct of his social group
Involves Personality Disorders

Example:
Histrionic Personality
Narcissistic Personality
Dyssocial personality
 Psychotic Behavior

gross structural defects in the brain tissue,

severe disorientation of the mind thus it
involves loss of contact with reality.
Example

 Organic Mental Disorders

 Senile and Pre-senile Dementia
 Mental Retardation
 Schizophrenia and Paranoia
Groups of Organic Mental Disorders

 Delirium – the severe impairment of information

processing in the brain affecting the basic process of
attention, perception, memory and thinking.
 Dementia – deterioration in intellectual functioning after
completing brain maturation. The defect in the process
of acquiring knowledge or skill, problem solving, and
judgment.
 Amnestic Syndrome – the inability to remember on
going events more than a few minutes after they have
taken place.
Hallucinosis – the persistent occurrence of
hallucinations, the false perception that arise in
full wakefulness state. This includes
hallucinations on visual and hearing or both.
Organic Delusional Syndrome – the false
belief arising in a setting of known or suspected
brain damage.
Organic Affective Syndrome – the
extreme/severe manic or depressive state with
the impairment of the cerebral function.
Organic Personality Syndrome – the general
personality changes following brain damage.
General Paresis – also called “dementia
paralytica”, a syphilitic infection of the brain and
involving impairment of the CNS.
Other Groups of Human Disorders

 Addictive Groups of Disorders

 Abnormal Sexual Behaviors
Abnormal Sexual Behaviors

Sexual dysfunctions affecting males

Erectile Insufficiency
Pre-mature Ejaculation
Retarded Ejaculation
 Sexual dysfunctions affecting females
Arousal Insufficiency
Orgasmic Dysfunction
Vaginismus
Dyspareunia
 SEXUAL REVERSALS
 Homosexuality
 Transvestism
 Fetishism
 Abnormal behavior based on choice of
partner
 Pedophilia
 Bestiality
Auto-sexual
Gerontophilia
Necrophilia
Incest
 Based on sexual urge
 Satyriasis
 Nymphomania
Based on mode of sexual expression
Oralism
Sadism
Masochism
Sado-Masochism
Based on part of the Body
Sodomy
Uranism
Frottage
Partialism
Based on visual stimulus
Voyeurism
Scoptophilia
Based on Number of Participants in the
Sexual Act
Troilism
Pluralism
other Sexual Abnormalities
Exhibitionism
Coprolalia
Don Juanism
The End
ThankYou