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e y e 5t / 6
dt 2
3
3 5t / 6
e y e C
t/2
2
5
general solution : 1
3
y et / 3 Cet / 2 1 2 3 4 5 6
t
5
1
Method of Integrating Factors:
Variable Right Side
• In general, for variable right side g(t), the solution can be
found as follows:
dy
ay g (t )
dt
dy
(t ) a (t ) y (t ) g (t )
dt
at dy
e ae at y e at g (t )
dt
d at
dt
e y e at g (t )
e at y e at g (t )dt
y e at e at g (t )dt Ce at
Example 3: General Solution (1 of 2)
• Thus 7 1 7 1
y e 2t e 2t te2t Ce2t t Ce2t
4 2 4 2
dy
2y 4 t
dt
Example 3: Graphs of Solutions (2 of 2)
• The graph shows the direction field along with several integral
curves. If we set C = 0, the exponential term drops out and you
should notice how the solution in that case, through the point
(0, -7/4), separates the solutions into those that grow
exponentially in the positive direction from those that grow
exponentially in the negative direction..
yt
7 1
y t Ce2t 0
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
t
4 2
1
4
Method of Integrating Factors for
General First Order Linear Equation
• Next, we consider the general first order linear equation
dy
p (t ) y g (t )
dt
• Multiplying both sides by (t), we obtain
dy
(t ) p(t ) (t ) y (t ) g (t )
dt
• Next, we want (t) such that '(t) = p(t)(t), from which it
will follow that
d
(t ) y (t ) dy p(t ) (t ) y
dt dt
Integrating Factor for
General First Order Linear Equation
• Thus we want to choose (t) such that '(t) = p(t)(t).
• Assuming (t) > 0, it follows that
d (t )
(t ) p(t )dt ln (t ) p(t )dt k
• Choosing k = 0, we then have
(t ) e p (t ) dt ,
and note (t) > 0 as desired.
Solution for
General First Order Linear Equation
• Thus we have the following:
dy
p (t ) y g (t )
dt
dy
(t ) p(t ) (t ) y (t ) g (t ), where (t ) e p (t ) dt
dt
• Then
d
(t ) y (t ) g (t )
dt
(t ) y (t ) g (t )dt c
y
(t ) g (t )dt c
, where (t ) e p (t ) dt
(t )
Example 4: General Solution (1 of 2)
and hence
(t ) g (t )dt C (4t )dt C 4t dt C t
2
t 1 C
y 3 2
(t ) t2 t2 t2
ty 2 y 4t 2 , y1 2,
C
y t 2 , y (1) 1 C 2 C 1
2
it follows that t
• The graphs below show solution curves for the differential equation, including a
particular solution whose graph contains the initial point (1,2). Notice that when
C=0, we get the parabolic solution (shown)
and that solution separ-
ates the solutions into 1
those that are asymptotic y t 2
to the positive versus t2
negative y-axis.
t y
5
y t2 3
2 (1,2)
1
t
2 1 1
C 2
1 yt 2
2
2
t
Example 5: A Solution in Integral Form (1 of 2)
and hence
t e s 2 / 4 ds C e t 2 / 4 t e s 2 / 4 ds Cet 2 / 4
0 0
t 2 / 4
ye
2 y ty 2, y0 1,
3
conditions. 2
are shown. 1 2 3 4 5 6
t
1
t e s 2 / 4 ds Cet 2 / 4
0
y e t
2
/4
2