1) What type of Apps do you have in your

mobile?
2) Do you use any apps for listening songs
and meditation?
3) When and at what mindset do you hear
songs?
4) What change do you observe in you
while hearing pleasant and sad songs?
5) What is the cause for this change?
6) How do these sounds affect your
emotions?
7) How do they travel and reach us?
• soun •d
• Middle • English
sound
English
To call

• I vibration that propagates as an

aaudible wave of pressure,through
Physics t the transmission medium.
•

• The reception of such waves &

Human physiology their perception by the brain.
& Psychology •a
 How is Sound produced

medium
Vibration of
Body vibrates receiver
particles

The speed of sound depends on the elasticity and density of the

medium through which it is traveling.

Frequencies of sound waves

ANATOMY OF A SIMPLE SOUND WAVE
V=fλ
The Relation between time period T and its frequency
f of a wave
 Longitudinal wave
 medium particles vibrate along the direction of the propagation
of the wave
 also called compresional or compression waves

 Travel in solids ,liquids and gases.

 Transverse wave

 The particle displacement is perpendicular to the direction of

wave propagation

 Forms crests and troughs

 Formed only in those media which posses rigidity and

hence travels only in solids and liquids
 Water Waves

 Involve a combination of both longitudinal and

transverse motions
Speed of longitudinal wave Speed of Transverse wave

V= √ 𝛾𝑃
𝑑
V= √T/m
Sped of sound increases with increase in temperature and humidity but not
affected by pressure.

ELECTRO MAGNETIC WAVES

formed by periodic vibrations of mutually
perpendicular electric and magnetic fields in a plane normal to the direction of
wave propagation.
 Are transverse
 Travel through vacuum
 Maximum in vacuum
 Transfer energy in the form of photons.
 REFLECTION OF SOUND WAVES

 Obey Laws of reflection

 Doesn’t require smooth and shining surface

REQUIREMENT FOR REFLECTION OF SOUND WAVE

 Size of the reflecting surface must be bigger than the wavelength of the
sound wave.

ECHO
• The sound heard after the reflection from a distant obstacle after
original sound has ceased.
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xQJ1JCpmS2I

CONDITIONS FOR HEARING AN ECHO

If the distance of the person producing sound from the rigid obstacle
is long enough to allow the reflected sound to reach the person at
least 0.1s after the original sound is heard.
t = 2d/V
The reflecting surface in air should be at a minimum distance of 17m
from the listener. D=Vt/2
Conditions to hear an echo distinctly
The minimum distance b/w the source of sound and reflector in
air must be 17m. It is different in different medium depending
upon the speed od sound in that medium. Eg: inside sea water
V=1400m/s D= 70m
The size of the reflector must be large enough compared to the
wavelength of the sound wave.
The reflected sound reaching the ear is sufficiently intense and
audible.

DET. OF V BY THE METHOD OF ECHO

 Used to determine the speed of sound in air

V = 2d/t ms-1
A boy hears an echo of his own voice from a distant hill after one
second. The speed of sound in air is 350 ms-1. What is the distance
of hill from the boy?
Conditions to hear an echo distinctly
The minimum distance b/w the source of sound and reflector in
air must be 17m. It is different in different medium depending
upon the speed od sound in that medium. Eg: inside sea water
V=1400m/s D= 70m
The size of the reflector must be large enough compared to the
wavelength of the sound wave.
The reflected sound reaching the ear is sufficiently intense and
audible.

DET. OF V BY THE METHOD OF ECHO

 Used to determine the speed of sound in air

V = 2d/t ms-1
A boy hears an echo of his own voice from a distant hill after one
second. The speed of sound in air is 350 ms-1. What is the distance
of hill from the boy?
d=175m
USES OF ECHOES
 In sound ranging and echo depth sounding by using ultrasonic waves.

PROPERTIES OF ULTRASONIC WAVES

1. Can travel undeviated through a long distance
2. Can be confined to a narrow beam
3. They are not easily absorbed in a medium
 NATURAL VIBRATIONS
 The periodic vibrations of a body in the absence of any external force on
it, are called natural(or free) vibrations.
 Eg: A body clamped on one end and disturbed from its rest position

 Period of vibration depends on size and shape of the body

 Time period of body – Natural period
 Frequency – Natural frequency
 Amplitude remains constant(const. natural frequency)
 1.Simple pendulum

2.Load suspended
by a spring
 Forced vibration
 Vibrations of a body which take place under the influence of an
external periodic force acting on it.
 Body executing the forced vibrations is acted upon by three factors
i)restoring force ii)frictional force
iii)external periodic force(driving force)
 Amplitude of forced vibrations depends on the frequency of the
external force.
 Frequency of the external force is different amplitude is very
small
 Frequency of the external force is same amplitude is very
large
 Amplitude in forced vibrations does not remain constant due to
damping forces of the medium. But can be made constant by
applying an external periodic force.
 External periodic force compensates for the loss in energy in each
vibration.
 This is called Sympthatic vibrations.

RESONANCE(special case of forced vibration)

 When a body vibrates in a medium under the influence of an
external periodic force of frequency exactly equal to the natural
frequency of vibration of the body.
 Large amplitude
 Amplitude at resonance depends on the frictional forces