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Technical Standards
1
EMC Definition
EMC : EMC is defined as the ability of electronic and communication
equipment to be able to operate satisfactorily in the presence of
interference and not be a source of interference to nearby equipment.
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EMC Definition
Talks in Order of Magnitudes
Frequency from DC to daylights
magnitude µA ‐ kA; µV ‐ MV
works on dB for order of magnitude, and log scale in
frequency
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Sources of Emission / Noise
4
Coupling
5
The Changes of EM Environment
ICT convergence : High speed/quality/definition, wireless
Smart grid technology, new and renewable energy development
Electric vehicles
Energy efficiency, mobility, portability
Automatic, social safety and security, intelligent public transportation
infrastructure
Aerospace & avionics, ships advance
Technology Changes of
Innovation EM Environment
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Effects of EME/ EM interference
Equipment to equipment
Loss of data in digital systems or in transmission of data
Interference to TV and radio reception
Malfunction of medical electronic equipment
Malfunction of automotive microprocessor control systems (braking)
and navigation equipment
Malfunction of critical process‐control functions (e.g. oil, chemical,
airports railways)
…….
Conducted Emission
Different paths
….dc port, power port, communication
port
Electromagnetic Coupling
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EME and EMI
9
Electromagnetic Compatibility
10
Frequency ranges
The EMC standards generally cover the range from 0 Hz to 400 GHz.
Currently, however, not all frequency ranges are completely regulated
Above 9 kHz, the high-frequency range starts. This range is also called
the radio-frequency or RF range.
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EMC Problems
5
Conducted
Differential and Common
Mode Noise
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Differential-mode noise
The first type is differential mode noise which is
conducted on the signal (VCC) line and GND line in the
opposite direction to each other
This type of noise is suppressed by installing a filter on
the hot (VCC) side on the signal line or power supply
line.
14
Common mode noise
Noise can also be conducted from any line in the system
towards earth. In a single-phase system, signals could go
from L and P towards earth. This type of noise is then
called common-mode no
Noise is suppressed by installing an inductor to the
signal line and GND line, respectively.
15
Common mode noise
Anther suppression method is A metallic casing is
connected to the signal line using a capacitor. Thus,
noise is returned to the noise source in the following
order; signal/GND lines >>> capacitor >> metallic casing
>> stray capacitance >> noise source.
16
Radiated Emissions
10
Radiation
18
EMC Regulation Issues
10
EMC Regulation in the World
US
The body responsible for regulation of EMC emissions in the USA is the
Federal Communications Commission (FCC). The specific regulations are
Part 15 (Radio Frequency Devices) and Part 18 (Industrial, Scientific and
Medical Equipment) for the FCC marking.
EU
For the majority of electrical and electronic products, EMC requirements
in the European Union are covered by the EMC Directive (2004/108/EC)
for the CE marking
Japan
The body responsible for EMC emissions in Japan is the VCCI. Products
must comply with CISPR 22. Equipment intended for the domestic
environment must comply with the Class B requirements, while other
equipment should satisfy the Class A requirements
These requirements are not mandatory regulations.
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EMC Controls
6
EMC Standards
RE : 40 dBµV/m ~ 0.01V/m
CE : 60 dBµV/m ~ 0.001V/m
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Technical Standards for EMC(1)
Basic Standard
- Basic standards for the measurement of radio disturbance in the frequency range
9kHz - 18GHz
ex: CISPR 16 Series, IEC/EN/K 61000-4 Series for ESD, RS/CS, Surge, EFT burst tests
Generic Standard
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Technical Standards for EMC(2)
ex: CISPR 11(ISM), CISPR 12(vehicles, boats, combustion engine), CISPR 13(EMI for broadcasting
receiver), CISPR 14-1(EMI for home appliances), CISPR 14-2(EMS for home appliances),
CISPR 15(lightening equipment), CISPR 2013(EMS for broadcasting receiver), CISPR 22(EMI for
ITE), CISPR 24(EMS for ITE), CISPR 25(vehicles, boats, combustion engine),
CISPR 32 and CISPR 35(multimedia), etc.
Product Standard
9
Equivalent Standards
10
EMC Tests for the Compliance
EMC
Electromagnetic Compatibility
EMI EMS
Electromagnetic Interference Electromagnetic Susceptibility
28
High-frequency (HF) radiated
emission
The classic radiated measurement according to common standards is
performed on an open area test site (OATS). The minimum ground plane
area as given in CISPR 22 should be regarded as indicative only; the true
measure of an OATS is its calibrated normalized site attenuation (NSA),
and meeting this will normally require a larger ground plane area.
Maintaining a large area free of obstructions (including wooden buildings)
is also important.
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General Information
Frequency Range : 30MHz ~ 1GHz
Site Attenuation (ANSI C63.4), NSA less than ±4dB
Test Distance : 3m, 10m & 30m
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Typical Open-Area Test Sites(OATS)
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OATS Configuration
28
Open Area Test Site (OATS).
The ground plane is necessary to regularize reflections from the
ground surface, and the antenna height scan deals with the nulls
that inevitably result from the presence of the ground plane.
The height scan is not intended to measure emission from the EUT
in the vertical direction. Only the horizontal plane of emission as
given by the azimuth rotation of the EUT is tested.
Any open area test site is likely to suffer from ambient signals, that
is, signals that are generated in the neighbourhood and received on
the site but not emitted from the EUT.
More importantly, ambient that mask EUT emission make it
impossible to measure the EUT at these frequencies.
Other problems of OATS can be unwanted reflections from objects
that are not within the defined borders but that nonetheless can
reflect the EUT signal back to the antenna.
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Anechoic chamber
An anechoic chamber is a shielded room designed to attenuate sound or
electromagnetic energy. Anechoic chambers were originally used in the
context of absorbing acoustic (sound) echoes caused by internal
reflections of a room, but more recently anechoic chambers have also
been used to provide a shielded environment for radio frequency (RF)
and microwaves
Modern chambers achieve this through a combination of ferrite
material, usually in the form of tiles glued directly to the wall, and
cone-shaped foam absorbers on top of the tiles.
34
Shield room
RS chamber
3m EMI chamber
16
High-frequency conducted
emission
Conducted emission is any emission transported from
equipment to the environment along cables.
In order to measure conducted emission, a line impedance
stabilization network (LISN) is inserted into the mains
power supply of the EUT. Newer standards call this network
artificial mains network (AMN). The LISN leads the RF
signals from the EUT to the output for the measurement
receiver, while at the same time blocking the AC input
voltage from the receiver.
36
Typical Semi-Anechoic Chamber (10m)
17
Semi-Anechoic Chamber (10m)
configuration
Antenna mast
1 to 4 m
turntable
Ground plane
18
Semi Anechoic Chamber Information
General Information
Dimension : 20m(L) x 12m(W) x 8.5m(H)
Frequency Range : 30MHz ~ 18GHz
Site Attenuation (ANSI C63.4), NSA less than ±4dB
Site Attenuation (CISPR 13), CSA less than ±3dB
Site Validation (CISPR 16-1-4), SVSWR less than 6dB
Test Distance : 3m & 10m
19
Typical EMC test facilities layout(Top view)
20
EMC test facilities construction procedure(1)
1. Installation of steel structure 2. Installation of shield panel[Floor] 3. Installation of scaffold
21
EMC test facilities construction procedure(2)
7. Installation of Ferrite Tile 8. Installation of Absorbers 9. Installation of Raised floor
10. Installation of Groundplane 11. Finishing; Floor, interior 12. Performance [NSA Test]
22
Typical EMS RS Chamber
23
EMS RS Chamber General Information
General Information
Dimension : 9m(L) x 6m(W) x 6m(H)
Frequency Range : 26MHz ~ 18GHz
Field Uniformity (IEC 61000-4-3)
: (0 ~ 6)dB, over 75% of a surface
Polarization : Vertical & Horizontal
Uniformity Plane : 1.5m x 1.5m
Height of the antenna : 1.55m
Test Distance : 3m
24
Typical Screen/Shield Rooms
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Typical Shield Rooms Information
General Information
Dimension : 10m(L) x 7.5m(W) x 3m(H)
Frequency Range : 14kHz ~ 18GHz
Shielding Effectiveness (IEEE 299)
: more than (60 ~ 100)dB
Measurement Point : Door, Filter, Ceiling, walls, and ventilator
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Test for Radiated Emission(RE)
RE Test for EUT
Frequency Range : 30MHz to 1GHz(Up to 18GHz)
Standard : CISPR 11, 12, 13, 25, 22… (EN 550XX)
EEC 95/54, SAE J 1113-41
Major Testing System (Refer to CISPR 16)
Test Facility : OATS, ALSE, FAR, SAR
Open area test site or alternate test (anechoic chamber)
Test Equipment : EMI Receiver(Field strength meter with quasi-peak detector
or EMI test receiver), Spectrum Analyzer
Test Antenna : Loop, Dipole, Log-periodic, Bi-conical Horn (depending on
Frequency & Regulation)
Other : Turntable, Antenna Master, etc.
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Line Impedance Stabilization
Network (LISN)
The LISN leads the RF signals from the EUT to the output for the
measurement receiver, while at the same time blocking the AC input
voltage from the receiver.
According to the standard, the highest emission on each of the phases
has to be recorded, but in common practice a peak measurement is
performed on one phase
Only if the measured emission is within a defined margin from the limit
will the testing be performed with average (AV) and quasi-peak (QP)
detectors on all phases.
48
49
Line Impedance Stabilization
Network (LISN)
The ground reference plane (GRP) is an essential part of
the conducted emission test.
The GRP should be:
1. I at least 2 m x 2 m, and at least 0.5m larger than the
boundary of the EUT;
2. made of copper, aluminium or steel, though the thickness is
not too important;
3. bonded to the local supply safety earth (this is for safety
only and not necessary for the measurement);
4. bonded by a very short, low-inductive strap to the
reference terminal of the AMN/LISN. A length of wire is not
adequate for repeatability at the higher frequencies. The
AMN/LISN should preferably be bolted directly to the GRP.
50
Detection Methods
Peak detection, as its name implies, retains the peak
value of each harmonic in an emitted signal, indicating
the worst-case scenario. Average detection provides the
average amplitude of each signal component across its
period. Quasi-peak detection weighs each component
based on its repetition rate: the faster repetition rate,
the higher the weight given to that component.
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https://www.edn.com/design/test-and-measurement/4460716/EMI-emissions-testing--peak--quasi-peak--and-average-measurements
EMC Testing Instruments
Oscilloscope
ESD Generator
EMI test Receiver
LISN
Signal Generator
Spectrum Analyzer
Above equipments are the most commonly used available for performing EMC measurements.
30
EMC Tests
31
Limit of RE
33
Test for Conducted Emission(CE)
CE Measurement emitting from cable of EUT
Frequency Range : 150kHz to 30MHz
Standards : CISPR 11, 13, 14, 15, 25, 22.. (EN 550XX)
Testing System (Refer to CISPR 16)
Test Facility : Shielded Room or adequate ground planes
Test Equipment : EMI Receiver, Spectrum Analyzer(Quasi-peak Average detector
available)
Other : LISN, etc.
34
Limit of CE
52
* Decreasing Linearly with the Logarithm of the Frequency 50
48
- The lower limit shall apply at the transition frequencies. Calss B (Average)
46
- Telecommunication Ports 에 대한 Limit 는 고려중임.
44
0.1 0.5 1 5 10 30 100
MHz
35
Test for Radiated
Susceptibility(RS)
Radiated field susceptibility testing typically involves a high-powered
source of RF or EM pulse energy and a radiating antenna to direct the
energy at the potential victim or device under test (DUT).
Frequency Range : 80 MHz to 1000 MHz
Test condition : 1-30 V/m (1 kHz CW, 80% AM) , 100 V/m
Standards : IEC 61000-4-3 (EN 61000-4-3), ISO 11452-2
Test Facility : FAR
Test Equipment : Power Amplifier system, Antenna, Field Probe Sensor, Signal
Generator, Directional Coupler, power meter,
Other : Test software, etc
36
Test for Conducted
Susceptibility(CS)
Conducted voltage and current susceptibility testing typically involves a high-
powered signal or pulse generator, and a current clamp or other type of
transformer to inject the test signal
37
Test for Electrostatic
Discharge(ESD)
ESD is a serious issue in solid state electronics, such as integrated circuits.
Integrated circuits are made from semiconductor materials such as silicon
and insulating materials such as silicon dioxide. Either of these materials
can suffer permanent damage when subjected to high voltages; as a result,
there are now a number of antistatic devices that help prevent static
build up.
Test Condition(input voltage) : 8kV(Air Discharge), 4kV(Contact Discharge),
Max 25kV
Standard : IEC 61000-4-2 (EN 61000-4-2), ISO 10605
Test System
Test Facility : Shield Room
Test Equipment : ESD Simulator, Coupling Plane
Other : Capacitors, Resistors, etc
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Thank You So Much !!!
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