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COPD is a progressive disease that makes it hard to breathe. "COPD" includes two main conditions2 emphysema and chronic obstructive bronchitis. Less air flows in and out of the airways because of one or more of the following.
COPD is a progressive disease that makes it hard to breathe. "COPD" includes two main conditions2 emphysema and chronic obstructive bronchitis. Less air flows in and out of the airways because of one or more of the following.
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COPD is a progressive disease that makes it hard to breathe. "COPD" includes two main conditions2 emphysema and chronic obstructive bronchitis. Less air flows in and out of the airways because of one or more of the following.
Drepturi de autor:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Formate disponibile
Descărcați ca PPT, PDF, TXT sau citiți online pe Scribd
hard to breathe. "Progressive" means the disease gets worse over time. "COPD" includes two main conditions² emphysema and chronic obstructive bronchitis hat is emphysema?
There is permanent enlargement of the
alveoli due to the destruction of the walls between alveoli in emphysema. The destruction of the alveolar walls reduces the elasticity of the lung overall. Loss of elasticity leads to the collapse of the bronchioles obstructing airflow out of the alveoli. Air becomes "trapped" in the alveoli and reduces the ability of the lung to shrink during exhalation hat is chronic bronchitis?
Chronic bronchitis involves inflammation and swelling
of the lining of the airways that leads to narrowing and obstruction of the airways. The inflammation also stimulates production of mucous (sputum), which can cause further obstruction of the airways. Obstruction of the airways, especially with mucus, increases the likelihood of bacterial lung infections. Chronic bronchitis usually is defined clinically as a daily cough with production of sputum for three months, two years in a row. This definition was developed primarily for research so that like patients could be compared. Overview of COPD The air that you breathe goes down your windpipe into tubes in your lungs called bronchial tubes, or airways. The airways are shaped like an upside-down tree with many branches. At the end of the branches are tiny air sacs called alveoli (al-VEE-uhl-eye). The airways and air sacs are elastic. When you breathe in, each air sac fills up with air like a small balloon. When you breathe out, the air sac deflates and the air goes out. In COPD, less air flows in and out of the airways because of one or more of the following: The airways and air sacs lose their elastic quality. The walls between many of the air sacs are destroyed. The walls of the airways become thick and inflamed (swollen). The airways make more mucus than usual, which tends to clog the airways Expected Duration Symptoms of chronic bronchitis tend to begin in smokers after age 50. These symptoms persist and gradually worsen for the rest of the smoker's life unless he or she quits smoking. Most cases of emphysema are diagnosed in smokers in their 50s or 60s. People with the inherited form of emphysema can show symptoms as early as age 30. Regardless of the cause, emphysema has no cure and lasts a lifetime. Most Common Infectious Causes of COPD Exacerbations hild to moderate exacerbations Streptococcus pneumoniae Haemophilus influenzae Moraxella catarrhalis Chlamydia pneumoniae Mycoplasma pneumoniae Viruses Severe exacerbations Pseudomonas species Other gram-negative enteric bacilli Signs and Symptoms
COPD can cause coughing that produces large
amounts of mucus (a slimy substance), wheezing shortness of breath chest tightness Weight loss and other symptoms. Cause of COPD
Cigarette smoking and second-hand
smoke Air pollution occupational pollutants such as cadmium and silica vow is COPD diagnosed?
chest X-ray, computerized tomography (CAT or
CT scan) of the chest tests of lung function (pulmonary function tests) and the measurement of carbon dioxide and oxygen levels in the blood. checking for rapid breathing; a bluish tint to your skin, lips or fingernails; a distended, barrel-shaped chest; use of neck muscles to breathe; abnormal breath sounds; and signs of heart failure, especially swelling in the ankle and legs. COPD is often suspected in chronic smokers who develop shortness of breath with or without exertion have chronic persistent cough with sputum production, and frequent infections of the lungs such as bronchitis or pneumonia. Prevention Because the majority of cases of COPD are related to smoking, you can drastically reduce your risk of this illness by avoiding cigarettes. If you smoke, get the help you need to stop. If you don't smoke, don't start. You also may reduce your risk of COPD by limiting your exposure to secondhand smoke and by avoiding outdoor activities when air pollution levels are high. If you have been diagnosed with chronic bronchitis, avoid contact with anyone with symptoms of an upper respiratory tract infection, because even a mild cold can trigger a flare-up of bronchitis symptoms. Wash your hands frequently and avoid touching your face with your hands during the cold and flu season. Also, anyone with COPD should be vaccinated against influenza and pneumococcal pneumonia. hat treatment is available for COPD?
The goals of COPD treatment are:
to prevent further deterioration in lung function; to alleviate symptoms; to improve performance of daily activities and quality of life. The treatment strategies include: quitting cigarette smoking; taking medications to dilate airways (bronchodilators) and decrease airway inflammation; vaccination against flu influenza and pneumonia; regular oxygen supplementation; and pulmonary rehabilitation. ± SI± PIOITIES
]. Maintain airway patency.
2. Assist with measures to facilitate gas exchange. 3. Enhance nutritional intake. 4. Prevent complications, slow progression of condition. 5. Provide information about disease process/prognosis and treatment regimen. Control stress. Take your medicines such as inhalers, steroids and antibiotics as ordered. Do home oxygen therapy if ordered. Attend a pulmonary rehab program to learn about COPD and exercise to Improve your health. Pathophysiology of COPD
The pathophysiology of COPD is very complex and is
not clearly identified as yet. A resistance to the airflow can be attributed to many factors such as mucociliary disorders, inflammatory responses and structural changes. In short, the blockage and/or narrowing of the airways may be caused due to loss of elasticity of the airways, damage or inflammation in the walls of the airways, secretion of excess mucous in the airways and decrease in the surface area for the exchange of air. According to medical studies, it is revealed that chronic inflammatory responses of the airways is the major contributing factor to the development of COPD. It is stated that inflammatory responses resulted from COPD and those from asthma are different. COPD associated inflammation induces the production of neutrophils, macrophages and lymphocytes. These cells along with reactive oxygen and proteases enzymes are responsible for causing damage to the airways (alveoli). When smoking, the number of neutrophils is increased than the normal level. Gradually, the airways are thickened, excess smooth muscles and connective tissues are produced by the body, leading to fibrosis in the airways. All these inflammatory responses are caused due to prolonged cigarette smoking and at times, frequent exposure to lung irritants.