Introduction to Network Management Systems

NETWORK MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM
Unit-1
INTRODUCTION
ಪಂಪಾಪತಿ .ಬಿ.ಎಂ
Asst.Professor
Dept of CSE , RYMEC
Outline
 Analogy of telephone network
 Data and telecommunication network
 Distributed computing environment
 Internet
 Protocols and standards
 IT management
 Network and system management
 Current status and future of network management
2
NETWORK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
 A Network Management System(NMS) is a combination of
hardware and software used to monitor and administer a
network.
3
1.1 ANALOGY OF TELEPHONE NETWORK MANAGEMENT:
 The need for data or computer communication management is best

illustrated by an analogy of telephone network management.
The characteristics of a telephone network:
 Reliable- because does what is expected of it.
 Good Quality- we can have a conversation across the world with the
same clarity that we have when we call our neighbors.
 The reason being for reliable and good quality telephone network is
good planning, design, implementation and management of
network.
4
ANALOGY OF TELEPHONE NETWORK MANAGEMENT (cont..)
To other
Regional centers
Sectional centers
Regional Center Regional Center Primary centers
Class 1 switch Class 1 switch Toll centers
End offices
To other
Sectional Center Sectional Center Primary centers
Class 2 switch Class 2 switch Toll centers
End offices
Primary Center Primary Center To other

Class 3 switch Class 3 switch Class 4 toll points
End offices
Toll Center Toll Center

Class 4 switch Class 4 switch
End Office End Office

Class 5 switch Class 5 switch
Legend:
Loop
Direct Trunk
Toll-Connecting Trunk
Toll Trunk
V oice V oice
5
Figure 1.1 Telephone Network Model

ANALOGY OF TELEPHONE NETWORK MANAGEMENT (CONT..)
 From the above figure 1.1 , it is clear that there are 5 levels
of switches and 3 types of trunks connecting these
switches.
Trunk is a logical link between two switches that may traverse

one or more physical link.
 The end office(class 5), which is lowest in the hierarchy, is the

local switching office.
 The customer’s telephone or the Private Branch

Exchange(PBX) is connected to the end office via a dedicated
link called “loop”.
6
ANALOGY OF TELEPHONE NETWORK MANAGEMENT (cont..)
 The other four levels of switches (class 4 through class 1) are
tandem or toll switches carrying toll(long distance) calls.
 The quality of the call is measured in terms of signal-to-

noise(S/N) ratio, is measured by a trunk maintenance
system.
 For a given region, there is a network operation

center(NOC) where the global status of the network is
monitored.
 The NOC is the nerve center of telephone network operations.
 Telephone network is managed from the user’s perspective, and

7
not from that of the system or service provider.
1.2 DATA(COMPUTER) AND
TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORK
 A basic network can be viewed as interconnected nodes and
links as shown below,
8
DATA(COMPUTER) AND TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORK(CONT..)
 A link carries information from one node to another that is directly

connected to it.
 A node behaves as an end node or an intermediate node or both.
 If the node behaves as an end node, information either
originates or terminates there.
 An intermediate node redirects the information from one link to

another.
9
DATA AND TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORK(CONT..)
 Data can be transmitted in an analog or digital format.
 Data can be transmitted in one of the 3 modes-

 Circuit switched
 Message switched
 Packet switched
 Circuit switching:
o There is a dedicated communication path between two stations
(end-to-end)
o The path is a connected sequence of links between network nodes.

On each physical link, a logical channel is dedicated to the 10
connection.
 Message switching:
o With message switching there is no need to establish a dedicated
path between two stations.
o When a station sends a message, the destination address is

appended to the message.
o The message is then transmitted through the network, in its
entirely, from node to node.
 Packet switching:
o In packet switching methods, a message is broken into small
parts, called packets.
o Each packet is tagged with appropriate source and

destination addresses. 11
Difference between message and packet switching is;
 In the message switching, data are stored by the system and

then retrieved by the user at a later time (e.g., email).
 In the packet switching mode, packets are fragmented and
reassembled in almost real time.
12
 The following figure shows an early configuration of terminal-to-host

and host-to-host communications, and how data and
telecommunication networks interface with each other.
Data communication network
Terminal Terminal
Host
Modem Modem Modem
Loop Loop Loop
Voice
Voice
Telecommunication network 13
Figure 1.3 Data and Telecommunication Networks

 The telephone network, which came into existence first, was
known as a telecommunication network. The organization that
provides this service is called a telecommunication service
provider (e.g., AT&T, BSNL etc).
Computer data is carried over long distance by telephone

(telecommunication network).
 To interface, a terminal or host connected to an end office switch

communicates with the host connected to another end-office
switch by modems at each end.
 Modems transfer information from digital to analog at the source

and back to digital at the destination.
 Modern telecommunication networks carry digital data. 14

 The following figure shows a corporate or enterprise environment
in the stage of the evolution of data and telephone communication.
15
 Analog signals from telephones are converted to digital signals

either at the customer premises or central office.
 A number of telephones and computer terminals at various

corporate sites are connected by a local switch, PBX, at the
customer premises, which interfaces digitally to the telephone
network.
 The computer terminals are connected to a communication

controller, such as a digital multiplexer, which provides a single
interface to the telephone network.
16
 IBM System Network Architecture (SNA)
Following figure shows the IBM SNA structure.
Works tation Works tation
Cluster Cluster
controller controller
Communications
Communications
controller
controller
Mainf rame
17
Figure 1.5 IBM Systems Network Architecture Model

 The IBM System Network Architecture (SNA) is a major

step in network architecture.
 SNA is based on multitude of (dumb) terminals accessing a
mainframe host at a remote location.
18
1.3 DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING ENVIRONMENT(DCE)
 DCE with LAN & WAN Networks:
Workstation Host Workstation
Ethernet
Workstation
Host
(a) Hosts and Workstations on Local LAN 19

DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING ENVIRONMENT (CONT..)
 figure (a) shows a LAN with hosts and workstations.
 These workstations have a processing power rather than

just acting as dump terminals.
 Any workstation can communicate with any host on the LAN.
 The system of links connecting remote LANs are called a

WAN.
20
DCE (CONT..)
LAN A LAN B
Bridge / Bridge /
Router Router
Bridge /
Router
LAN C
WAN
communication link
(b) Remote LANs Interconnected by WAN 21

DCE (CONT..)
A LAN is physically connected to a WAN by a bridge or a router as

shown in figure (b)
 No more monopolistic service provider is required in LAN-WAN
networks
 No centralized IT controller
 Also the ability of processors attached to LANs do multiple

functions
22
DCE (CONT..)
 Client/Server Model
Control
transf er
Client Server
Control
transf er
Figure 1.7 Simple Client-Server Model

23
DCE (CONT..)
 The process that initiates a transaction to run an application in

either a local or a remote processor is called the client.
 The application process that is invoked by a client process is called
the server. The server returns the results to the client.
 The client initiates a request to the server and waits. The server
executes the process to provide the requested service and sends the
results to the client.
24
DCE (CONT..)
 A real-world analogy to the client-server operation is a post office.
The clerk (acts as a server) behind the counter is ready and waiting
for a client.
 When a customer (acts as a client) walks in and initiates a
transaction the clerk responds.
 Once the clerk responds and processes the customer request, the
customer leaves and the clerk, as a server goes into waiting mode
until next client initiates the transaction.
25
DCE (CONT..)
Client A Client Z
Server
(a) Server with M ultiple Clients
Client
(joe.stone)
to sally.jones@dest.com
Bridge
Domain
Mail server Name
Server
(b) Dual Role of Client-Server
26
Figure 1.8 Client-Server in Distributed Computing Environment

DCE (CONT..)
 The server may be providing the service to many clients that are
connected to it on a LAN, as shown in fig. (a)
 Each clients request is processed by a server according to the FIFO
rule.
 Since the client and the server are processes running in a DCE,
each of them can be designed to execute a specific function
efficiently.
27
DCE (CONT..)
 As an example which is shown in figure 1.8(b),
 joe.stone@source.com using client in a network sends a message to

sally.jones@dest.com on the network.
 The message first goes to the mail server on the network.
 Before it can process the request, the mail server needs to know the
network address of sally.jones, which is dest.com. Thus, it makes a
request to domain name server (DNS).
28
DCE (CONT..)
 When it receives the information of address dest.com, the message

sent by joe.stone is delivered to sally.jones via the bridge.
 Later a message is sent to joe.stone on the client stating that the
message has been sent (or not sent, in failure conditions).
 The three processes in this scenario, namely the client, the mail
server and the DNS, are cooperatively computing processes.
Communication between these processes is called peer-to-peer
communication.
29
1.4 TCP/IP-BASED NETWORKS:
1.4.1 Internet and Intranet:
W orkstation
Mail Server
(Joe)
W orkstation
LAN A LAN B
Bridge / Bridge /
Router Router
Domain
Name Bridge /
Server Router
LAN C
Gateway
WAN
Gateway
LAN X
Bridge /
Router
Bridge /
Bridge / Router
Router
LAN Y LAN Z
W orkstation 30
PC (Sally) Mail Server
Figure 1.9 Internet Configuration

TCP/IP-BASED NETWORKS (CONT..)
 TCP/IP is a suite of protocols that enable networks to be connected.
 Internet is based on TCP/IP
 IP is Internet protocol at the network layer level.
TCP is connection-oriented transport protocol and ensures

end-to- end connection.
 If packet is lost by IP, the acknowledgement process of TCP

ensures successful retransmission of the packets.
 UDP(User Datagram Protocol) is connectionless transport
protocol and provides datagram service
31
 Two servers shown on LAN A are mail server and DNS.
 The servers need not be on the same LAN as the senders LAN, as
shown above.
 The servers transmit email message to LAN C on computer
network made up of bridges and routers.
 The link between LAN A and LAN C could be WAN.
 Information from LAN C progresses via gateways and WANs to the

computer networks in Australia as shown in figure.
32
 Gateways between them serve as the interfaces between dissimilar
and independent autonomous networks and perform many
functions including protocol conversions.
 Email finally reaches the email server on LAN Z in Australia and
is stored there until Sally retrieves it via her internet link with an
internet service provider’s server.
 In fact email message are transmitted by a “store-and-forward”

scheme all along the path..
 Thus, via the internet, any user can communicate with any other
user in any part of the world as long as both are connected to an
Internet.
33
1.4.2 Internet Fabric Model/Layered Architecture of Internet
34
 Internet can be visualized as a layered architecture, as shown in

fig. 1.9
 This architecture shows global Internet as concentric layers of

workstations, LANs and WANs interconnected by fabrics of
Medium Access Control (MAC), switches and gateways.
 Workstations  user plane
 LANs LAN plane.
 WANs  WAN plane.
 The interfaces are defined as fabrics. MAC fabric interfaces the

user plane to LAN plane.
35
 LAN and WAN plane interface through switching fabric.
 WANs in the WAN plane interface with each other via gateway
fabric.
 Each WAN may be considered as an autonomous network and
hence needs a gateway to communicate with another WAN.
 The physical path traverses
user plane  MAC fabric  LAN plane  switching fabric WAN

planes  gateway fabric  core  user plane.
36
1.5 COMMUNICATIONS PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS
Suppose that a fax machine and a modem brought from a local store
successfully sending to a modem and fax machine anywhere in the
world, even though each fax machine and attached modem were
manufactured by local vendors.
The key to the practical success of these and other such
technologies is the interoperability of two end devices.
Universal interoperability is achieved when all participants

agree to establish common operational procedures.
The communication can happen without any loss or error due to

standardization and modular (layered) architecture of data
communication protocols.
Architecture can be defined as modeling a system into functional

components and relationship among them. 37
COMMUNICATIONS PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS (CONT..)
1.5.1Communication Architecture:
 Communication between users and application occurs at various

levels.
 They can communicate with each other at application level, the
highest level of communication architecture.
 Alternatively they can exchange information at the lowest level,

the physical medium.
 Each system can be subdivided into two sets of communication

layers.
 The top set of layer consists of application layers.
 The bottom set consist of transport layers. 38

COMMUNICATIONS PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS(CONT..)
User A User Z
Peer-Protocol Interface
Application Layers Application Layers
Transport Layers Transport Layers
Physical Medium
(a) Direct Communication between End Systems
System A Intermediate system System Z
User A User Z
Peer-Protocol Interface
Application Layers Application Layers
Transport Layer
Transport Layers Transport Layers
Conversion
Physical Medium Physical Medium
(b) Communication between End Systems via an Intermediate System 39
Figure 1.11 Basic Communication Architecture

 In figure 1.11(a) , the two end systems associated with the two end
nodes communicate directly with each other.
 Direct communication occurs between the corresponding

cooperating layers of each system.
 Thus, transport layers can exchange information with each other,
and so can the application layers and the users.
 Figure 1.11(b) shows the end systems communicating via

intermediate system, which enables the use of different physical
media for two end systems
40
1.5.2 ISO/OSI communication architecture
 One of the international renowned standard organizations is

International Standard Organization (ISO).
 ISO has developed highly modular or layered architecture for
communication protocols that is called the Open System
Interconnections (OSI) reference model.
 Layers 1-4 are the transport system protocols layers.
 Layers 5-7 are application support protocol layers.
41
User / Application program
Layer 7 Application
Layer 6 Presentation
Layer 5 Session
Layer 4 Transport
Layer 3 Network
Layer 2 Data link
Layer 1 Physical
Physical medium
42
Figure 1.12 OSI Protocol Layers

Layer Layer Name Salient services provided by the layer
No.
1 Physical -Transfers to and gathers from the physical medium raw
bit data
-Handles physical and electrical interfaces to the
transmission medium
2 Data link -Consists of two sublayers: Logical link control (LLC) and
Media access control (MAC)
-LLC: Formats the data to go on the medium; performs
error control and flow control
-MAC: Controls data transfer to and from LAN; resolves
conflicts with other data on LAN
3 Network Forms the switching / routing layer of the network
4 Transport -Multiplexing and de-multiplexing of messages from
applications
-Acts as a transparent layer to applications and thus
isolates them from the transport system layers
-Makes and breaks connections for connection-oriented
communications
-Flow control of data in both directions
5 Session -Establishes and clears sessions for applications, and
thus minimizes loss of data during large data exchange
6 Presentation -Provides a set of standard protocols so that the display
would be transparent to syntax of the application 43
-Data encryption and decryption
7 Application -Provides application specific protocols for each specific
application and each specific transport protocol system
1.5.3 Protocol Layers and Services
 The following figure expands the basic communication

architecture to an OSI model, which is as shown as below.
 Figure 1.13(a) is a direct end to end communication model.
 In figure 1.13(b), the end systems communicate with each

other by going through an intermediate node/system.
 Note that the intermediate system is involved only up to the

first three layers in the process.
44
 Layers 4-7 are not involved in the intermediate systems.
45
46
Sub layer structure of Data Link Layer
In an OSI-layered model the data link layer is divided into two sub
layers-
 Logical Link Control (LLC) Network
 Media Access Control (MAC)
Logical Link Control (LLC)
Media Access Control (MAC)
Physical
47
Figure: Sub layer Structure of Data Link Protocol Layer

 The lower MAC layer controls the access and transmission of
data to physical layer in an algorithmic manner.
There are three types of LANs

 Ethernet LAN : is a bus type and the media is accessed using a
distributed probabilistic algorithm, Carrier Sensing Multiple
Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD).
 Ring Type LAN : used in Token Ring (TR) and Fiber Distributed
Data Interface (FDDI).
 Wireless LAN or WLAN : The probabilistic algorithm, Carrier
Sensing Medium Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) is
used to access the medium.
 Logical Link Control (LLC) performs link management and

data transfer.
48
 If there is security required, it could be included in the LLC
sublayer.
Sub layer structure of Network protocol layer
 The network layer provides both connectionless network service

(CLNS) and connection-oriented network service (CONS).
 CLNS is used when lower layers are highly reliable, such as LANs
and bridges, as well as when the message are short.
 CONS are the method for transmitting long messages, such as file
transfer. It is also used when transmission medium is not reliable.
 The destination address of each packet is read in both CLNS and

CONS at the network layer and routed on the appropriate link.
49
Transport
SNICP
Network SNDCP
SNDAP
Data Link
Figure: Sublayer Structure of a Network Protocol Layer
SNICP: Subnetwork-Independent Convergence Protocol

SNDCP: Subnetwork-Dependent Convergence Protocol
SNDAP: Subnetwork-Dependent Adapter Protocol
50
 The top sublayer is subnetwork-Independent Convergence Protocol
(SNICP) layer that interfaces to the transport layer.
 The internet communicates between nodes using internet address

and SNICP.
 The nodes in turn communicate with subnetworks using the
subnetwork-Dependent Convergence Protocol (SNDCP), which
depends on the subnetwork protocols and could be any proprietary
protocol.
 The SNDCP communicates with its Data link layer via the third
network sublayers, Subnetwork-Dependent Access Protocol
(SNDAP).
51
Comparison of OSI and Internet model
52
Comparison of four application-specific protocols
in OSI and Internet models
OSI User Internet User
Terminal
VT TELNET
Application
FTAM FTP File Transfer
Mail / Message
MOTIS SMTP
Transfer
Management
CMIP SNMP
Application
Presentation Layer Transport Layer
Figure 1.19 Application Specific Protocols in ISO and Internet Models
53
OSI Model Internet Model
Sandwiched between user and Sandwiched between user and

Location
presentation layers. transport layers
A host as a remote terminal

User interfaces Accomplished using TELNET .
using Virtual Terminal (VT)
Accomplished using File

Accomplished using
File transfers Transfer Access and
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
Management (FTAM)
Mail service Message-Oriented Text Simple Mail Transfer

function Interchange Standards (MOTIS) Protocol (SMTP)
Accomplished using the using Simple Network

Network
Common Management Management Protocol
Management
Information Protocol (CMIP) (SNMP) 54
1.7 SOME COMMON NETWORK PROBLEMS:
 Loss of Connectivity:
Connectivity failures are handled under the category of fault
management. Fault is generally interpreted as failures in
accessing networks and systems by users.
 Duplicate IP address:
The IP address is uniquely associated with a physical MAC address
of the network component. However, mistakes are made in
assigning duplicate IP addresses.
 Network failure:
Network failure is caused more often by a node failure than
failure of passive links.
 Network configuration issues:
The network has a permanent configuration (default) and a dynamic
configuration (runt-time), and thus a power hit could change the
configuration.
55
1.8 CHALLENGES OF IT MANAGERS:
 Maintain reliability in a data network as in a telephone network.
 Designing, deploying and managing networks that can

handle real-time and non-real time data.
 Networking with emerging technology necessitates the need
for continuing education.
 Rapid advance of technology.
 Manage client-server environment in converged networks.
 Providing scalability of networks in order to service a wide

range of users.
56
 Anticipate customer demands.

1.9 NETWORK MANAGEMENT: GOALS, ORGANIZATION
AND FUNCTIONS
 Network Management can also defined as Operations,

Administration, Maintenance and Performance (OAMP) of
network and services.
 It comprises three major groups:
 Network and service Provisioning
 Network and service Operations
 Network I&M.
 Figure 1.21 shows a top-down view of network management

functions.
57
NETWORK MANAGEMENT: GOALS, ORGANIZATION AND
FUNCTIONS (CONT..)
Network
Management
Network Network Network
Provisioning Operations Maintenance
Planning Fault Management / Service Restoration Fault Management
Design Configuration Management Trouble Ticket

Administration
Performance Management / Traffic Management
Network Installation
Security Management
Network Repairs
Accounting Management
Facilities Installation
Reports Management & Maintenance
Routine Network
Inventory Management Tests
Data Gathering & Analyses

58
Figure 1.21 Network Management Functional Groupings
FUNCTIONS (CONT..)
 Network Provisioning
 Network provisioning consists of network planning and
design and is the responsibility of the Engineering group.
 The Engineering group keeps track of new technologies and
introduces them as needed.
 New or modifications to network provisioning may also be
initiated by management decision.
 Network Operations
 Fault Management/Service Restoration
 Configuration Management
 Security Management
 Accounting Management
59
 Reports Management
FUNCTIONS (CONT..)
 Network Installation and Maintenance
 The network I&M group takes care of all activities of installation
and maintenance of equipment and transmission facilities.
Trouble Ticket Administration:
 Trouble ticket administration is the administrative part of fault
management and is used to track problems in the network.
60
FUNCTIONS (CONT..)
1.9.1 Network Operations
Network
Users
Management Configuration Data
Decision
TT Restoration
New Performance & Traffic Data
Technology
Engineering Group Operations Group I & M Group

NOC
- Network Planning & -Network Installation &
Design - Network Operations Maintenance
Fault TT
Installation 61
Figure 1.22. Network Management Functional Flow Chart

1.10 NETWORK MANAGEMENT ARCHITECTURE AND
ORGANIZATION
62
NETWORK MANAGEMENT ARCHITECTURE AND ORGANIZATION
(CONT..)
 Network management dumbbell architecture for interoperability is
as shown in figure1.23(a)
 The vendor systems A and B exchange common management
messages.
The messages consist of management information data (type,

id, and status of managed objects etc) and management controls
(setting and changing configuration of an object).
 The protocols and services associated with the dumbbell
architecture are presented in figure 1.23(b).
 Application services are the management-related applications such
as fault and configuration management.
 Management protocols are CMIP for the OSI model and SNMP
for the Internet Model.
 Transport protocols are the first four OSI layers for the OSI
model and TCP/IP over any of the first two layers for the 63
Internet model.
ORGANIZATION (CONT..)
NMS
Network Network
Agent Agent
Network Network
Objects Objects
64
Figure 1.24 Network Management Components
NMS Messages NMS

Vendor A Services & Protocols Vendor B
Network Network Network Network
Agent Agent Agent Agent
Network Network Network Network

Objects Objects Objects Objects
Figure 1.25 Network management Interoperability 65

 Figure 1.24 models a hierarchical configuration of two network
agents monitoring two sets of managed objects.
 The agent could be an embedded agent in a network elements.
 Peer networks can communicate network management messages
and controls between them as shown in figure 1.25
 An example where such a configuration could be implemented

would be two NMSs associated with two telecommunication
networks belonging to two network service provider.
66
1.11 CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE OF NETWORK
MANAGEMENT:
The current status of Network Management are as follows;
 Current NMSs are based on SNMP protocol.
 Limited CMIP management.
 Limitation of large memory in computer system.
 Poll based system, in other words NMS polls each agent as to its
status or for any other data that it needs for network management.
The above mentioned constraints on NMS have been

overcome by emerging advanced network management,
which are as mentioned below;
 Object-oriented technology has reached a matured stage, and the
hardware capacity to handle object-oriented stack is now
commercially available.
 Service and policy management.
67
 Business management.
 Web-based management.
68

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NETWORK MANAGEMENT

 A Network Management System(NMS) is a combination of

hardware and software used to monitor and administer a

 The need for data or computer communication management is best

Primary Center Primary Center To other

Toll Center Toll Center

End Office End Office

Figure 1.1 Telephone Network Model

Trunk is a logical link between two switches that may traverse

 The end office(class 5), which is lowest in the hierarchy, is the

 The customer’s telephone or the Private Branch

 The quality of the call is measured in terms of signal-to-

 For a given region, there is a network operation

 The NOC is the nerve center of telephone network operations.

 Telephone network is managed from the user’s perspective, and

 A link carries information from one node to another that is directly

 A node behaves as an end node or an intermediate node or both.

 An intermediate node redirects the information from one link to

 Data can be transmitted in one of the 3 modes-

o The path is a connected sequence of links between network nodes.

o When a station sends a message, the destination address is

o Each packet is tagged with appropriate source and

 In the message switching, data are stored by the system and

 The following figure shows an early configuration of terminal-to-host

Modem Modem Modem

Loop Loop Loop

Figure 1.3 Data and Telecommunication Networks

Computer data is carried over long distance by telephone

 To interface, a terminal or host connected to an end office switch

 Modems transfer information from digital to analog at the source

 Modern telecommunication networks carry digital data. 14

 Analog signals from telephones are converted to digital signals

 A number of telephones and computer terminals at various

 The computer terminals are connected to a communication

Works tation Works tation

Figure 1.5 IBM Systems Network Architecture Model

 The IBM System Network Architecture (SNA) is a major

 DCE with LAN & WAN Networks:

(a) Hosts and Workstations on Local LAN 19

 figure (a) shows a LAN with hosts and workstations.

 These workstations have a processing power rather than

 The system of links connecting remote LANs are called a

(b) Remote LANs Interconnected by WAN 21

A LAN is physically connected to a WAN by a bridge or a router as

 No more monopolistic service provider is required in LAN-WAN

 Also the ability of processors attached to LANs do multiple

Figure 1.7 Simple Client-Server Model

 The process that initiates a transaction to run an application in

Figure 1.8 Client-Server in Distributed Computing Environment

 joe.stone@source.com using client in a network sends a message to

 When it receives the information of address dest.com, the message

Figure 1.9 Internet Configuration

 Internet is based on TCP/IP

 IP is Internet protocol at the network layer level.

TCP is connection-oriented transport protocol and ensures

end-to- end connection.

 If packet is lost by IP, the acknowledgement process of TCP

 UDP(User Datagram Protocol) is connectionless transport

protocol and provides datagram service

 Two servers shown on LAN A are mail server and DNS.

 The link between LAN A and LAN C could be WAN.

 Information from LAN C progresses via gateways and WANs to the