Building Construction: Interiordesign

INTERIORDESIGN
Today a Reader
Tomorrow a Leader
Building
Construction
Submitted by-
Milli Jain
B.Sc. Interior Design +1 Year Res idential Design
Diploma, NSQF Level-5 ( NSDC )
Dezyne E’cole College, www.dez yneecole.com
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I Milli Jain, Student Of Dezyne E’cole’ College, Am Extremely Grateful To Each And Every Individual
Who Has Contributed In Successful Completion Of My Project.
I Express My Gratitude Towards Dezyne E’cole College For Their Guidance And Constant Supervision
As Well As For Providing The Necessary Information And Support Regarding The Completion Of
Project.
Thank You
SYNOPSIS
The Subject Building Construction Is Rather Complicated In The Sense That It Contains The Study Of
Such Topics Which Are Difficult To Digest. This Project Deals With Various Components Of Building, Their
Types And Sub-types.
This Project Has Been Created Under The Guidance Of Ms. Divya Sharma.
I Am Thankful To Dezyne E’cole College.
Types of
Buildings
Detached Houses:
The design of the detached houses can be made by considering the individual
requirements of the family to be accommodated in that house.
Sufficient margins are left on side , front and rear.it may also include garden, swimming Detached
pool, etc.
A detached house permits the highest form of residence and it is applicable at place
where land prices are comparatively low.
Plot
Road
Top plan
Isometric view
Project Report Drawing Title Date of Submission Submitted to Submitted by
13th May’ 2017 Dezyne E’cole College Milli Jain
Residential Design Types of Building
www.dezyneecole.com B.Sc- ID + 1 Year Residential
Basic Assignments
Design Diploma
Semi Detached Houses:
A common boundary wall in the form of structural barrier divides an independent plot
into two units.
Such construction helps in securing many advantages of detached houses and in Semi-Detached Semi-Detached
addition, economy may be achieved by sharing expenses of common amenities such as house house
water line, electric cables, etc.
Plot Plot
T.P. Road
Common Wall
Top plan
Isometric view
Basic Assignments
Design Diploma
Row of Houses:
For providing reasonable
accommodation to labourers a row of House 1 House 2 House 3 House 4 House 5
houses with minimum requirements like
living room and kitchen, may be
constructed.
It may be single or double storeyed. Plot Plot Plot Plot Plot
The row housing yields more net
residential density and is preferred for
the low income group of families.
Top plan Common Wall
Isometric view
Basic Assignments
Design Diploma
Apartments or Flats:
Due to tendency of migration of village population to cities, there is considerable rise in Flat 1 Flat 2
the price of city land an hence, it has become practically become impossible even for
the higher class of the society to have a detached house in thickly populated city areas.
This has lead to the conception of apartments or flats. Common Wall
An apartment or flats consists of three to ten floors and may accommodate two to six
flats or apartments.
Plot
Road
Top plan
Isometric view

Basic Assignments
Design Diploma
Duplex type apartments:
Duplex is an apartment having rooms on two adjoining floors
connected by an internal staircase. It is one type of modern
lifestyle having split levels. First Floor
In such houses living=g room, family room, kitchen, dining
room and bed rooms are located at different levels.
Ground Floor
Plot
Road
Top plan
Isometric view
Basic Assignments
Design Diploma
Important Building
Components
Important building components:
Foundation :
It is a part of building constructed below the ground level and transmits all load to sub soil. It is also known as sub structure.
Plinth:
It is the building above the ground level and up to the floor level immediately above the ground. The built-up area measures at the plinth level known as
Plinth area.
Superstructure:
It is a part of building constructed above the plinth level.
Following are the structural components of a building:
1. Foundation .
2. Plinth.
3. Masonry.
4. Basement, Ground Floor and Upper floor.
5. Sills, lintels and weather sheds.
6. Doors, windows and ventilators.
7. Roofs.
8. Stairs, Lifts, Ramps.
9. Plastering, Painting, White washing, Flooring etc.
10. Utility Fixtures.

Important building 13th May’ 2017 Dezyne E’cole College Milli Jain
Residential Design
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Masonry or RCC walls and columns in superstructure:
Walls are used to enclose or divide the floor space. Load bearing walls should be strong enough to take its own weight, superimposed weight and
lateral pressure of wind. They should provide stability, privacy, security and weatherresistance.
Basement, ground floor and upper floor:

The floor provides support to the occupants, furniture and fixtures. Different floors divide the building into different levels to provide more
accommodation on the plot of land.
Sills, Lintels and Weather sheds:

Window sills are provided between the bottom of window frame an above the top of the wall below. The lintel is provided above the opening of
window, door and ventilators in the wall to support the weight of the wall above the opening. Weather sheds or chhajjas are generally combined
with lintels to protect doors, windows or ventilators from rain, snow, etc.
Doors, Windows and Ventilators:

Doors are provided in a building to allow the free movement outside and to the internal part of building . It is an openable barrier secured in an
opening left in a wall. Windows and ventilators are generally provided for proper light, ventilation andvision.
Roof:
A roof is the uppermost part of the building which is constructed in a form of a framework to give protection to the building against rain, heat,
snow, wind, etc.
Stairs, Lifts, ramps, etc.:

These are the means of vertical transportation between the floors. Out of these the stairs is the most common. It is defined as a sequence of steps
suitably arranged for the purpose of ascent and decent between the floors.
Utility Fixtures:
These are the built in items in the building. They are immovable in nature. Wooden cupboards made in walls are utility fixtures. Generally they are
provided by making recesses in walls, which the structure weak. So in modern construction these are avoided.

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Coping
Flooring of terrace
Cornice
Window
Sill
Wall
StringCourse
RCC Lintel Weather shed
Door
Plinth Level
Steps
Foundation

Residential Design
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Design Diploma
Coping
Cornice Flooring of terrace
Weather shed
Window
Sill
StringCourse First floor slab
RCC Lintel
Watershed
Plinth Plinth level floor

Steps Level
Plinth
Foundation

Residential Design
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Design Diploma
WeatheringCourse
Coping
ParapetWall
RCC Roof Slab
Lintel
Weather shed
Superstructure
Window Brick Wall
PlinthLevel
Damp ProofCourse
Flooring
Sand Filling
Footing
Substructure
Foundation
Base Concrete Bed Level

Residential Design
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Design Diploma
Building
Bye-laws
Bye-laws:
A bye law is a local law framed by a subordinate authority. The
Set back
building codes or bye-laws are defined as the standards and
5’
specifications designed to great minimum safeguards to the
workers during construction; to the health and comfort of users;
and to provide enough safety to the public in general. Bed room
12’x14’ Bed room
14’x14’
The Bye-Laws govern the following aspects:
1. Set back or building line. S S
2. Floor space index or built up area. e Kitchen e
3. Open space requirements around the building. t t
4. Size of the rooms. b b
5. Height of the rooms and building. a a
6. Lightning and ventilation of rooms. c c
7. Water supply and sanitary provisions. k k
8. Structural design or sizes and sections. 5 5
’ Living Area ’
18’x20’
Vestibule
Parking
15’x15’ Set back
10’ Garden
Top Plan
Residential Design Bye laws
Basic Assignments
Design Diploma
Front Set Back
Height of the building
Boundary Wall
Pillar Main Entrance
Interior Entrance
Ramp
Isometric view

Residential Design Bye laws
Basic Assignments
Design Diploma
Different Building
Structures
Load Bearing Structure:
The system of buildings comprising of
slabs, beams and load bearing walls is
known as load bearing structure.
Most of residential buildings are small in
size and are up to three storey are
generally constructed as load bearing
structures.
Roof truss
Load Bearing wall
Flooring
Bed Concrete
Foundation
Cement Concrete
Front elevation
Residential Design Structural systemof
Basic Assignments building Design Diploma
Roof truss
Load Bearing wall
Flooring
Bed Concrete
Cement Concrete
Foundation
Isometric view

Framed Structure:
It is a structure comprising of slabs resting on
beams which are supported by a network of
columns.
Generally all multi-storeyed buildings or high
rise buildings are constructed as Framed
Structure. Roof Slab
Column
Floor Slab
Floor Beam
Plinth Beams
Footing
Front elevation
Roof Slab
Column
Floor Slab
Floor Beam
Plinth Beams
Foundation
Footing
Isometric view

Composite Structure:
Some of the buildings are constructed with
combination of both load bearing as well as framed
structure. Such structure is called Composite
Structure.
Composite structures for a building is preferred for the
buildings having large spans such as warehouses,
workshops, halls, large factory sheds, etc.
RCC Slab
RCC Beam
Bed Block
Load Bearing wall

RCC Column
Flooring
Rubber Filling
Cement Concrete
Front elevation

Basic Assignments building
Design Diploma
RCC Slab
RCC Beam
Bed Block
Load Bearing wall
RCC Column
Rubber Filling
Flooring
Cement Concrete
Isometric view
Stairs
Requirements of A Good Stair
Design of layout
Treads and risers
Pitch Handrail
Headroom
Single step
Location
Width
Flight
Winders Material and workmanship

Stairs:
A stair is defined as a sequence of

steps and it is provided to afford
the means of ascent and descent
between the floors or landings.
The apartment or room of a
building, in which the stair is
Handrail located, is known as staircase and
the opening or space occupied by
the stair is known as stairway.
Baluster The other means of
transportation between the floors
of a building, apart from stairs
are lifts, ramps and moving stairs.
Tread
Riser
Newel post
Soffit
Waist
Side Elevation Isometric view

Stairs 13th May’ 2017 Dezyne E’cole College Milli Jain
Residential Design
Basic Assignments
Design Diploma
Types of
Stairs
Straight Stairs:
In case of a straight stairs, all

steps lead in one direction only as
Lading shown in the figures.
Up
Landing This type of stairs may consists of
one or more flights and they are
used when the space available for
staircase is long but narrow in
width.
Top view
Riser
Lading
Tread
Tread
Riser
Isometric view
Side Elevation

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Turning Stairs:
In case of turning stairs, the

Landing flights take turn.
The usual types of turning stairs

are described below in the
following slides:
Quarter-turn stairs:
A stair turning through one right
angle is known as a quarter turn
Up Lading
stair. If a quarter turn stairs is
branched into two flights at a
Top view Tread landing, it is termed as bifurcated
stairs. This type of stairs is
commonly used in the public
buildings near their entrance
Riser hall. The stair has a wider flight
at the bottom which bifurcates
into two narrow flights at the
Lading
landing – one turn to the left and
other to the right.
Riser
Tread
Isometric view
Side Elevation

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Bifurcated stairs:
Landing
A stair turning through one right
angle is known as a quarter turn
stair. If a quarter turn stairs is
branched into two flights at a
landing, it is termed as bifurcated
stairs. This type of stairs is
commonly used in the public
buildings near their entrance
Up hall. The stair has a wider flight
at the bottom which bifurcates
into two narrow flights at the
landing – one turn to the left and
Top view Lading
other to the right.
Tread
Riser
Lading
Tread
Riser Side Elevation

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Half Turn Stairs:
A Stair Turning Through Two

Right Angles Is Known As Half
Lading
Turn Stairs. A Half Turn May Be
In Following Types-
• Dog Legged
Up
• Open Newel Stairs
• Three Quarter Turn Stairs
Dog Legged:
Lading
Top view In Case Of Dog Legged Stairs, The
Flight Turn In Opposite Direction
And There Is No Space Between
Them In Plan. These Stairs Are
Useful Where Total Width Of
Space Available For The Staircase
Tread Is Equal To Twice The Width Of
The Steps. Its Name Is Derived
Lading Riser From Its Appearance In The
Sectional Elevation.
Riser
Tread

Stairs Dezyne E’cole College Milli Jain
Residential Design 13th May’ 2017
Basic Assignments Design Diploma
Winder Open Newel Stairs:
In case of open newel stairs there

is a well or hole or opening
between the flights in plan.
This well or hole may be
Open rectangular well rectangular or of any geometrical
shape and it can be used for
fixing lift. These stairs are useful
Winder where available space for
staircase has a width greater than
twice the width of steps.
Up
Top view
well
Winder
Riser
Tread
Riser
Tread

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Open Newel Stairs:
Lading
In case of open newel stairs there
is a well or hole or opening
between the flights in plan.
Open rectangular well This well or hole may be
rectangular or of any geometrical
shape and it can be used for
Landing fixing lift. These stairs are useful
Up where available space for
staircase has a width greater than
twice the width of steps.
Top view
Open rectangular well
Riser
Landing Tread
Riser
Tread
Isometric view
Side Elevation
Residential Design
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Design Diploma
Three-Quarter-Turn Stairs:
Astair turning through three

Landing right angles is known as a three-
quarter-turn stairs.
Well
In this case, an open well is
formed . This type of stair is used
when the length of the staircase is
Up limited and when the vertical
distance between the two floors is
Tread quite large.
Riser
Top view
Landing
Well
Tread
Landing
Riser
Isometric view
Side Elevation
Residential Design
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Circular or helical or spiral
Stairs:
In this type of stair, the steps

radiate from the center and they
do not have either any landing or
any intermediate newel post.
The height of the floor and rise

are respectively 3.68 m and
Central core
160mm. The steps radiate at an
2m
angle of 30 degrees from the
core. The handrail is not shown.
Top view
Riser
Central core 3.68 m
Tread
2.08 m
Side Elevation
Isometric view

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Stair of Different
Material
Regular steps with rebated
joints:
In case of rectangular steps the

arrangement is made as shown in
the figure. The overlap is about
Up Tread
25 mm to 45 mm.
This arrangement results in

considerable saving in labour of
cutting and dressing stones.
Riser
Top view
Overlap
Tread Soffit
Riser
Soffit
Isometric view
Side elevation
Residential Design Basic Stairs of different 13th May’ 2017 Dezyne E’cole College Milli Jain
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Spandril Stairs:
In this arrangement, the steps are

triangular in shape and they are
cut in such a way so as to obtain
aci plain soffit as shown in the
Up Tread figure.
This arrangement is used where

the headroom is desired. The
soffit affords a nice appearance
Riser and the weight of steps is also
reduced.
Top view There are three types of Spandril

stairs:
1. with plain soffit
2. with broken soffit
Tread 3. With moulded soffit
Soffit
Riser
Soffit
Isometric view
Side elevation
Residential Design Basic Stairs of different 13th May’ 2017 Dezyne E’cole College Milli Jain
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Design Diploma
Spandril Stairs With Broken
Soffit:

Up Tread aci plain soffit as shown in the
figure.

Riser soffit affords a nice appearance
and the weight of steps is also
reduced.
Top view
There are three types of Spandril
stairs:
2. with broken soffit
Soffit
Tread 3. With moulded soffit
Riser
Soffit Isometric view
Side elevation

Stairs of different 13th May’ 2017 Dezyne E’cole College Milli Jain
Residential Design
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Design Diploma
Spandril Stairs With
Moulded Soffit:

Up Tread aci plain soffit as shown in the
figure.

Riser soffit affords a nice appearance
and the weight of steps is also
Top view reduced.
There are three types of Spandril

stairs:
Soffit 2. with broken soffit
3. With moulded soffit
Tread
Riser Isometric view

Soffit
Side elevation

Residential Design
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material www.dezyneecole.com B.Sc- ID + 1 Year Residential
Design Diploma
Tread And Riser:
Tread
In this arrangement, the treads
and risers of stones are provided
as in case of timber stairs. The
stone slab treads and risers are
Up connected by dowels as shown in
Riser
the figure.
Soffit
Top view
Isometric view
Tread
Riser Soffit
Trade
Riser
Dowel
Side elevation

Stairs of different Dezyne E’cole College Milli Jain
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Cantilever tread slab steps:
I this arrangement, the steps are

formed of trade only. For this
purpose, only thick stone slabs
are used without any riser.
Up Wall
The steps can either of the
following two:
1. Rectangular in shape
2. Triangular in shape
Tread
Top view
Tread Soffit
Soffit
Isometric view
Side elevation

Basic Assignments
Design Diploma
Built-up Steps:
These steps are in the form of

treads and riser of thin swan
stone slabs. They are placed in
either of the two manners:
Up 1. Over brick
2. Over concrete
Tread The thickness of the step may

Riser vary from 20 mm to 50 mm. this
arrangement is generally adopted
for marble steps to give an
Stone slab ornamental covering to the steps.
Top view
Brick
Tread masonry
Riser
Isometric view
Brick
masonry
Side elevation
Basic Assignments
Design Diploma
Built-up Steps:
These steps are in the form of

treads and riser of thin swan
stone slabs. They are placed in
either of the two manners:
Up 1. Over brick
2. Over concrete
Tread
Riser The thickness of the step may
vary from 20 mm to 50 mm. this
arrangement is generally adopted
for marble steps to give an
ornamental covering to the steps
Top view
Tread
Concrete
Riser
Concrete Marble slab
Steps
Isometric view
Side elevation

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Design Diploma
Wooden Or Timber Stairs:
Tread
As wooden stairs are light in
weight, they are mostly used for
residential buildings. The main
Riser objection to the provision to a
wooden stair is that it is easily
attacked by fire. But if a wooden
stair is constructed from good
quality timber such as teak and if
its thickness is about 45 mm it
becomes sufficiently fire proof.
Top view
The important factors to be
considered in case of wooden
stairs are as follows:
1. The scotia blocks may be
provided to give an additional
Isometric view finish.
2. The string can be cut string
or close string.
3. The landing can be formed by
Nosing Scotia wooden bearers or beams.
block
Tread 4. Risers can be totally omitted
Glue block (in some cases).
Screw
Riser
Side elevation

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Entrance Stairs:
These steps are now frequently

used. The entrance steps form a
typical stair as shown in the
figure.
Up
Plinth
Riser
Top view
Isometric view
Tread Tread
Riser
Concrete bed
Concrete bed
Ground
Side elevation level
Isometric view

Residential Design Basic 13th May’ 2017
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Brick Stairs:
These steps are now frequently

used. A brick stair may be made
of solid construction or arches
may be formed as shown in the
Up figure.
The arrangement reduces the

total quantity of brickwork and
Riser
gives some additional space
which can be used for making
cupboards etc.
Top view Tread
In case of brick stairs the treads
and risers are generally made
Tread equal to length of 1 1/2 bricks
and height of two layers of bricks
respectively.
The trade and risers of a brick

Riser stair are finished with suitable
Floor level flooring material.
Arches Arches
Floor level
Side elevation Isometric view

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Metal Stairs:
The external fire escape are

generally made up of metal. The
common metal used for
constructions of stairs are cast
Up iron, bronze and mild steel. These
stairs are widely used in factories,
go downs, etc.
Riser Tread
The important features of a metal
stair are:
Top view 1. Stringers are usually of
channel section.
2. The trade and riser may be of
one unit or of separate units.
3. The riser may be omitted in
Isometric view some cases.
4. The metal balusters with
handrail of pipe are used.
Riser
Tread
Angle
Bolts
Side elevation

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R.C.C. Stairs:
These stairs are now commonly

used in all types of constructions
and in case of framed structures
6 mm dia. reinforced concrete, the R.C.C.
Up Bars at 150 stair is perhaps the only choice.
mm c/c
The typical R.C.C. stair is been
shown in the figure. The details
and placing of R.C.C. will
naturally depends on the design
Riser
of R.C.C. stair. The steps may be
Top view
cast-in-situ or pre-cast. In latter
Base case it is also possible to pre cast
a flight and then place it in the
position with the help of the
suitable equipment.
Riser Tread 12 mm dia.

Bars at 150
Tread mm c/c
Base
Side elevation
Isometric view

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Arches
Definition :
An arch is a structure which is constructed to span across an opening . It generally consist of small wedge-shape units which are joined together with
mortar. However the arches made of steel and R.C.C. are built in single units without the use of wedge-shaped and they are used for the bridge
construction.
Voussoirs Spandril
Key
Crown
Extrados
Intrados
Rise
Skewback
Springing line
Springer
Span
Pier Centre
Abutment
Detailed view of an arch

Arches 13th May’ 2017 Dezyne E’cole College Milli Jain
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Technical Terms :
1. Intrados: This is the inner curve of the arch .
2. Soffit: this is the inner surface of the arch . Sometimes the terms , intrados and soffit are treated as synonyms .
3. Extrados or Back: This is the external curve of an arch .
4. Skewback: This is the inclined or splayed surface on the abutment . It is prepared to receive the arch and from it , springs the
arch .
5. Springer: This is the first Voussoir at springer level on either side of an arch and it is immediately adjacent to the skewback.
6. Crown: This is the highest point of the extrados .
7. Key: This wedge-shaped unit at the crown of an arch. It is sometimes made prominent by making it of a larger section and
projecting it below and above the outlines of an arch .
8. Abutment: This is the end support of an arch .
9. Piers: These are the intermediate supports of an arcade .
10. Springing Points: These are the points from which the curve of an arch springs .
11. Springing Line: This is the imaginary horizontal line joining the two springing points .
12. Span: This is the clear horizontal distance between the supports .
13. Rise: This is the clear vertical distance between the highest point on the intrados and the springing line .
14. Depth or Height: This is the perpendicular distance between the intrados and extrados .
15. Spandril: This is the irregular triangular space formed between the extrados and the horizontal line drawn tangent to the crown
.

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Types of
Arches
Types Of Arches :
• Segmental Arch
• Flat Arch
• Pointed Arch
• Relieving Arch
• Horse Shoe Arch
• Stilted Arch
• Venetian Arch
• Florentine Arch
• Bull Eye Arch

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Flat Arch Extrados Flat Arches
Skewback The apparent shape of this arch is

Springer flat and usually the skewback forms
an angle of 60 degree with
horizontal.
Intrados
Opening
Relieving Arch Relieving Arches

Extrados
This arch is constructed over a
Relieving arch wooden joist or a flat arch. Thus it
relieves the joist or flat arch from
carrying the load. Span will be equal
to clear span of the opening plus
twice the bearing of wooden joist
Wooden joist which is being relived from taking
Intrados the load.
Opening

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Equilateral Arch Equilateral Arches
Extrados This type of arch consists two
curves which meets at the apex of a
Key s triangle. Triangle formed may be
Intrados equilateral or isosceles. In
equilateral arch, the centers will be
on the springing points.
Centre
Opening
Lancet Or Isosceles Arch Lancet Or Isosceles Arches

Extrados
This type of arch consists two
Key s curves which meets at the apex of a
Intrados triangle. Triangle formed may be
equilateral or isosceles. The latter
type is known as the lancet arch.
The centers of the arch may be on
or below the springing line and they
may be in between or outside the
Centre springing points.
Opening

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Horse-shoe Arch HORSE-SHOE ARCHES
Extrados This arch has a shape of a horse-
shoe and it is mainly adopted from
architectural consideration. The
shape of the arch includes more
Intrados than a semi-circle.
Centre
Opening
Stilted Arch SLITED ARCHES
Extrados This type of arch has a semi-circular

shape attached at the tops of two
vertical portions. The springing line
Intrados of arch passes through the tops of
vertical portions.
Centre
Opening

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Florentine Arch Extrados Florentine Arches
This type of arch is similar to the

Intrados venetian arch except that the
intrados has shape of a
semicircular curve. There are
three centers for a Florentine
arch, all located on the springing
line.
Opening
Venetian Arch Venetian Arches

Extrados
In this type of arch, the depth at
crown is more than that at the
springing line. The venetian arch
has four centers, all located on
the springing line.
Intrados
Opening

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Bull’s Eye Arch Bull’s Eye Arches
One centered arch has only one

center. The flat, segmental, semi-
circular, horse-shoe and stilted
arches are one-centered.
Sometimes the circular windows
are used to have an architectural
effect. For this purpose, a bull’s
eye arch is adopted.

Residential Design
Design Diploma
Doors
Definition
A door may be defined as an operable secured in an opening left in a wall for the purpose of providing access to the users of the
structure. It basically consists of two parts, namely, frame and shutter. The door shutter is held in position by the wall by some
suitable means.
Types Of Doors
 Ledged doors
 Ledged and braced doors
 Ledged and frameddoors
 Ledged ,framed and braced doors
 Framed and paneled doors
 Glazed or sash doors
 Flush doors
 Louvered doors
 Collapsible steel doors
 Revolving doors
 Rolling steel doors
 Swing doors

Doors 13th May’ 2017 Dezyne E’cole College Milli Jain
Residential Design
Basic Assignments
Design Diploma
Technical terms:
Frame:
This consists of a group of members which form a support for a
door or a window.
Style:
This is the outside vertical member of the shutter of a door or a
window.
Head:
The top or upper most horizontal part of a frame is known as the
head.
Sill:
The lower most or bottom horizontal part of a window frame is
known as the sill. The door frames are usually not provided with
the sills.
Top rail:
This is the topmost horizontal member of the shutter.
Lock rail:
This is the middle horizontal member of the shutter where the
locking arrangement is provided.
Bottom rail:
This is the lower most horizontal member of the shutter.
Intermediate or cross rail:
The additional horizontal rails fixed between the top and bottom
rails of a shutter.
Panel: Front elevation
This is the area of shutter enclosed between the adjacent rails.
Holdfast:
This is generally in the form of a mild steel flat bar of section
30mm by 6mm and of length 200mm.

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
Design Diploma
Top Rail
Horn
Frame Style
Lock Rail
Holdfast
Front elevation
Panel
Bottom Rail
Detailed View

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
Design Diploma
Types of
Doors
Wall
Ledged doors:
Lintel
A ledged door is formed of Head Head
the vertical boards, known
as battens, which are
secured by horizontal
supports, known as the
ledges as the battens are Hinge Top Ledge
100mm to 150mm wide
and 20mm to 30mm thick.
Batten
The ledges are generally Frame
100mm to 200mm wide
and 30mm thick. The three Middle Ledge
edges are generally
employed- top, middle and
bottom.
Frame Bottom Ledge

Ledge
Front Elevation Vertical Section
Batten
Enlarged Part-plan

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
Design Diploma
Wall
Ledged and Braceddoors: Head Lintel
These are similar to ledged Head
doors except the diagonal
member, known as braces,
are provided as shown in the
figure. The braces are Hinge Top Ledge
generally 100mm to
150mm wide and 30mm Frame
thick. The braces are
usually housed in the
Batten
Middle Ledge
ledges. It should be noted
that the braces must slope
upwards from the hanging
side as they have to work
in compression and not n
Bottom Ledge
tension.
Frame
Ledge
Brace
Front Elevation
Vertical Section
Batten
Enlarged Part-plan

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
Design Diploma
Ledged and Framed Wall
Head
doors: Lintel
In this type of doors, Head
framework for shutters is
provided to make the
doors stronger and better Hinge
Batten
in appearance as shown Top Ledge
in figure. The styles are
generally 100mm wide Frame
and 40mm thick. The
battens and ledges are
provided as usual. Middle Ledge
Bottom Ledge
Frame
Ledge
Style
Batten
Enlarged Part-plan

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
Design Diploma
Wall
Ledged framed and braced
Lintel
doors: Head
This is just similar to the above type Head
except that the braces are
introduced. This type of door is
Batten
more durable and stronger and
hence it can be adopted for external
Hinge Top Ledge
use. The braces should incline
upwards from the hanging side.
Frame
Style
Middle Ledge
Frame Bottom Ledge
Ledge

Style
Batten
Enlarged Part-plan

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
Design Diploma
Panelled Door
This is the most visual variety of door and it consists of a framework in which panels are fitted. A double-leafed, framed and paneled door with four panels.
This type of door reduces the tendency of shrinkage and presents a decent appearance. The styles are continuous from top to bottom and rails are joined to
the styles. The mullion, if any, are joined to rails. Thickness of the shutter depends on various factors such as type of work, situation of door, number of
panels, etc. but thickness of shutter is about 30mm to 40mm.
Top rail
Mullion
Panel Style Panel Style Panel
Lock
rail
Bottom
rail
Single Panel Door Two Panel Door Three Panel Door

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
Design Diploma
Framed Panelled Door
This is the most visual variety of door and it consists of a framework in which panels are fitted. A double-leafed, framed and paneled door with four panels.
This type of door reduces the tendency of shrinkage and presents a decent appearance. The styles are continuous from top to bottom and rails are joined to
the styles. The mullion, if any, are joined to rails. Thickness of the shutter depends on various factors such as type of work, situation of door, number of
panels, etc. but thickness of shutter is about 30mm to 40mm.
Top
rail
Panel Panel
Frieze rail
Frame
Mullion
Panel Panel
Frame
Style Panel
Panel Panel
Top Plan
Bottom
rail
Front Elevation

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
Design Diploma
Glazed Or Sash Doors
In order to admit more light, in addition to that coming from the windows, the fully glazed or partly paneled and partly glazed doors are used. Usually the
ratio of glazed portion to paneled portion is 2:1. the glass is received into the rebates provided in the wooden sash doors and secured by nails and putty
or by wooden beads fixed to the frame. In order to increase the area of the glazed portion, the width of style above lock rail is decreased. These are
known as diminished styles or gunstock styles. The glazed or sash doors are used in hospitals, offices, show rooms, banks, shopping units, etc.
Glass
panel Glass
panel
Style Style
Glass
panel Frame Frame
Timer
panel
Fully Glazed Door Door With Diminishing Partly Panelled And Partly
Styles Glazed Door

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
Design Diploma
Flush Doors
It consists of a framework of rails and styles and it is covered with plywood or hard-board. There are two varieties of flush door – framed flush door and a
laminated flush door.
A Framed Flushed Door consists of styles, rails, horizontal ribs, vertical ribs and ply wood. the horizontal holes are provided for ventilation and vertical
ribs rest on rails. Empty space is filled with granulated cork or any other light material. The lock block and hinge block is provided to shutter to fix mortise
lock and hinges.
Hinge block
Horizontal ribs
Vertical ribs
Hollow space
Style Style
Hole
Lock block
Ply wood Vertical

ribs
Ply wood
Bottom rail
Top Plan Front Elevation

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
Design Diploma
Flush Doors
It consists of a framework of rails and styles and it is covered with plywood or hard-board. There are two varieties of flush door – framed flush door and
a Laminated Flush Door.
A Laminated Flush Door consists of styles, rails, laminated core and ply wood. The laminate of wood are glued together under great pressure.
Top rail
Laminatedcore
Style
Laminated core
Frame
Style
Ply wood
Ply wood
Bottom rail
Top Plan
Front Elevation

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
Design Diploma
Louvered Doors
The shutters are provided with louvers, either fully or partly. The louvers are arranged at such an inclination that the horizontal vision is obstructed. Thus
the upper back edge of any louver will be higher than the lower front edge of the louver. Louvers can be movable or fixed.
Louvers
Louvers
Panels
Frame
Side plan
Elevation

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
Design Diploma
Sliding Doors
The shutter slides on the sides with the help of runner and guide. The shutter may be of one or several leaves and can slide either on one side or both
the sides. The cavities may be provided in the wall to receive the door in an open position or it may simply lie touching the wall.
Wall Runner
Opening Door opening
Sliding Shutter Sliding On One Side
Wall
Opening Handle
Frame
Double Shutter Sliding On Both Side Shutter
Wall
Opening
Double Shutter Sliding On One Side

Floor
G.L
Front Elevation

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
Design Diploma
Windows
Definition
A window may be defined as an opening made in a wall for the purpose of providing daylight, vision and ventilation. It also
consists of two parts, namely, frame and shutter. The window frame is suitable fixed in the opening of the wall and the window
shutter is held in position by the window frame.
Head
Horn
Frame
Style
Front elevation
Holdfast
Panel
Sill
Detailed View

Windows 13th May’ 2017 Dezyne E’cole College Milli Jain
Residential Design
Basic Assignments
Design Diploma
Types of
Windows
Types of windows
• Casement windows
• Double-Hung windows
• Pivoted windows
• Sliding windows
• Louvered windows
• Sash or glazed windows
• Metal windows
• Circular windows
• Corner windows
• Gable windows
• Dormer windows
• Bay windows
• Clerestory windows
• Lanterns or lantern wind ows
• Skylights

Residential Design
Windows www.dezyneecole.com B.Sc- ID + 1 Year Residential
Basic Assignments
Design Diploma
Casement Window
These are the windows, the shutters of which open like doors. The construction of a casement window is similar to the door
construction and it consists of a frame styles, rails, vertical and horizontal sash bars and sometimes. It also includes mullions and
transoms.
Style
Shutters
Frame
Wall
Front Elevation Detailed View

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
Design Diploma
Double-hung Window
These windows consists of a pair of shutters which can slide within grooves provided in the frame. A pair of metal weights connected by cord or
chain over pulleys is provided for each other.it is so arranged that the upper sash moves in the downward direction, thus opening at the top
and lower sash moves in the upward direction, thus opening at the bottom.
Top rail
Style
Glass panels
Bottomrail
Front Elevation

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
Design Diploma
Pivoted Window
The shutters are allowed to swing round the pivots. The frame of a pivoted window is just similar to casement window
except that no rebates are provided. The windows may be vertically or horizontally pivoted.
Frame Shutter
Pivot
Top plan Detailed View

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
Design Diploma
Sash And Glazed Windows
These are fully glazed casement windows. The sashes are rebated to receive glass panels. The width and the depth of rebates are
about 15mm and 5mm respectively. The glass is secured in position either by putty or by small fillets, known as the glazing beads.
Top rail
Frame
Glass
panel
Bottom rail
Front Elevation

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
Design Diploma
Corner Window
These windows are provided at the corner of a room placed at the corner of a room and thus they have two faces in two perpendicular
directions. In this situation there is entry of light and air from two direction. However, special lintel will have to be cast at the corner and the
jamb post of the window at the corner will have to be made of heavy section.
Frame
Shutter
Frame
Side view
Glazing Wall
Top plan
Residential Design
Basic Assignments
Metal Window
The shutters are allowed to swing round the pivots. The frame of a pivoted window is just similar to casement window except that no
rebates are provided. The windows may be vertically or horizontally pivoted.
Lintel
Lintel
Plug
Wooden Frame Screw
Handle
Handle
Hinges Hinge
Front Elevation Of Metal Window Front Elevation Of Metal Window Fixed

Fixed To The Wall On A Wooden Frame

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
Design Diploma
Gable Window
These are the windows which are provided in the gable ends of a roof.
Dormer Window
These are the windows provided on the sloping roofs and the main purpose is to admit light and air to rooms which are constructed within or
below the roof slopes.
Dormer window
Gable Window
Gable end

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
Design Diploma
Bay Window
These windows project outside the external walls of a room. they may be square, splayed, circular, polygon or of any shape. The projection of bay
window may start from floor level or sill level. These window admit more lights, increase opening area, provide ventilation and improve the appearance
of the building.
Building face line
Frame Shutter Window sill
Top plan Front elevation

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
Design Diploma
Clerestory Window
These windows are provided near the top of main roof and pivoted windows are used for this purpose. The clerestorey windows provide
ventilation to the inside of the room as the front is blocked by the verandah.
Pivot
Shutter
Outside Inside
Verandah roof

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
Design Diploma
Lanterns Or Lantern Lights
These are the windows which are fixed on flat roofs to provide light to the inner portion of the building where light coming from the windows in
the external walls is insufficient. They may be square or rectangular or curved. The glass panels are generally fixed, but if ventilation is also
required in addition o lights, the pivoted windows may be provided.
Flat roof Lantern light
Curbing
Plan
Front Elevation

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
Design Diploma
Skylights
These are the windows provided on the sloping roofs of the pitched roof meant for light, they are usually provided with the fixed glass panels. The
common rafters are suitable trimmed and the skylight is erected on a curb frame.
Top rail
Lead gutter
Glass
Copper clip
Common rafter Trimming piece
Curb frame
Front Elevation

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
Design Diploma
Front Elevation Of Mosquito-proof Door Mosquito-proof
Outside To avoid the nuisance of mosquito
and flies, it becomes necessary to
Wall Frame make mosquito-proof shutters of
Paneled Shutters doors, windows and ventilators of
refreshment rooms, sweet shops,
hotels, etc. the shutters of doors,
windows, and ventilators are made
mosquito-proof.
• Mosquito-proof Door
Wire-gauge shutters Wall In case of doors, ordinary paneled
Spring hinge
shutters are provided on the front
side and they open outside. The
Inside
inside shutters are provided with
wire-gauge and an automatic
Front Elevation Of Mosquito-proof Window arrangement, in the form of a
spring hinge, is also provided.
Metal window
• Mosquito-proof Window
It shows the arrangement for
mosquito-proofing a window
which is opening outside. In order
Wire-gauge insteel to open shutters of window from
frame inside, the roto mechanism is
Inside
provided. In figure wire-gauge is
Roto mechanism
provided on the outside and
parliamentary hinges are provided
to the shutters of window.

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
Design Diploma
Pointing
Definition
The exposed surfaces of walls are to be provided with pointing or plastering. The process of pointing is adopted for stone masonry or brick masonry
while plastering is carried out for exposed surfaces of ceiling, walls, columns, etc. Pointing is used to donate the finishing of mortar joints of either
stone masonry or brick masonry
Pointing : The term pointing is used to denote the finishing of mortar joints , of either stone masonry or brick masonry . The joint is
raked out to a depth of about 20mm and then ,these spaces are filled up by suitable mortar in the desired shape .
Objects Of Pointing And Plastering :

• To improve the appearance of the structure as a whole and to give smooth surface .
• To protect the exposed surface from the effects of atmospheric actions .
• To rectify the defective workmanship or to conceal inferior materials .
Mortar For Pointing : The pointing is generally adopted for the finishing of exposed external walls of a structure . It is cheap in the
first coat , but it requires frequent replacement . The pointing may be carried out either in lime mortar or in cement mortar .
• Lime Mortar : consist of equal volumes of lime and sand . These two materials are carefully ground in a mortar mill . The sand to
be used for preparing lime mortar should be clean , fine and free from any organic impurities .
• Cement Mortar : consist of equal volume of cement and sand . The cement should comply with standard requirements and sand
should be clean , fine and free from any organic impurities .
Methods Of Pointing :
• The mortar of the masonry joints to be covered with a depth of at least 20 mm.
• The dust from the masonry joints is removed by the brushes .
• The mortar is then washed with clean water and it is kept wet for a few hours .
• The mortar then carefully placed in desired shape in these prepared joints .
• The finished surface is well-watered for a period of at least 3 days , if lime mortar is used and 10 days , if cement mortar is used .

Residential Design
Pointing www.dezyneecole.com B.Sc- ID + 1 Year Residential
Basic Assignments
Design Diploma
Types of
Pointing
Types Of Pointing :
• Beaded Pointing
• Flush Pointing
• Recessed Pointing
• Rubbed Pointing
• Struck Pointing
• Tuck Pointing
• Vee Pointing
• Weathered Pointing

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
Design Diploma
Beaded Pointing
It is formed by a steel or iron rod
Beaded with a concave edge. It is good in
appearance but it is difficult to
maintain as it can be easily
damaged.
Detail
Side Elevation Front Elevation
Flush Pointing
It is formed by removing the
Flush excess mortar from joint. The joint
is made flush with the face. It does
not give good appearance but is
durable and does not provide
accumulation of dust, water, etc.
Detail

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
Design Diploma
Recessed Pointing
The face of the pointing is kept
Recessed vertical and it is pressed inside the
wall surface by a suitable tool to a
depth of about 5mm or more. it
gives very good appearance.
Detail
Rubbed Pointing
Also called keyed or grooved
Rubbed pointing. Groove is formed at the
center of height by a pointer and it
gives better appearance and is
generally adopted.
Detail
Side Elevation
Front Elevation
Residential Design
Basic Assignments
Design Diploma
Struck Pointing
The face of pointing is kept
Struck inclined. The upper edge of joint is
about 10mm inside the face of
masonry. This joint disposes water
easily. If the lower edge of joint is
kept inside the face of masonry, it
is called overhead struck pointing.
Detail
Tuck Pointing
A groove is formed at the center of
Tuck joint. The width and depth of
groove are 5mm to 3 mm. the
groove is then filled in or tucked in
by white cement putty with a
projection of 3mm.
Detail

13thMay’2017 Dezyne E’cole College Milli Jain
Residential Design
Basic Assignments
Design Diploma
Vee Vee- Pointing
Vee -shaped groove is formed in
the mortar joint.
Detail
Weathered Pointing
A projection in the form of a vee-
Weathered shaped is formed.
Detail

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
Design Diploma
Flooring
Definition :
In order to sub-divide the portion between the plinth level or basement level and roof level , the solid constructions are carried out .
These constructions are the floors and the exposed top surfaces of floors are termed as flooring .
Factors Affecting Choice Of Flooring Materials:

• Appearance : The flooring materials should be of desired appearances and it should
produce the colour effect in conformity with the use of building .
• Cleaning : The flooring materials should be such that it can be easily and effectively
cleaned . It should have effectively resistance against absorption of oil , grease , etc.
• Comfort : The flooring material should be such that it gives comfort when used . If the
material posses reasonably good thermal insulation , it imparts comfort to the resident of
the building to a great extent .
• Cost : The cost of flooring materials should be reasonable as compared to the utility of
the building .
• Damp resistance : the flooring material should offer sufficient resistance against
dampness so that healthy environment prevails in the building .
• Durability : The flooring materials should be durable and it should be strong enough to Floor
impart resistance to wear , tear , chemical action , temperature changes etc.
• Fire Resistance : This quality of flooring materials is of more importance for upper floor .
• Hardness : The flooring materials should be sufficiently hard so as to have resistance to Concrete Flooring : The thickness of
mark or signs caused by the shifting and rubbing of furniture . concrete layer is about 40 mm and it is
• Maintenance : The flooring materials should be such that minimum maintenance is carried out in proportion of 1 part of
required . cement , 2 parts of sand and 4 parts of
• Noise : If noise is created by the use of flooring materials , it leads to discomfort and coarse aggregate by volume . You should
hence , at place where silence is required , such flooring materials giving less noise remember these points while choosing a
should only be preferred . flooring material .
• Slipperiness : the surface of floor should be smooth but at the same time , it should not
be too slippery .

Residential Design
Flooring www.dezyneecole.com B.Sc- ID + 1 Year Residential
Basic Assignments
Design Diploma
Types of
Flooring
Types Of Flooring :
• Asphalt
• Brick
• Concrete
• Cork
• Glass
• Linoleum
• Magnesite
• Marble
• Moorum
• Mud
• Plastic
• Rubber

Residential Design
Basic Assignments
Design Diploma
Asphalt: Formerly, the asphalt Timber: This is the earliest but
flooring was not favored because most common flooring material.
of bad smell and ugly color of the This material possesses natural
asphalt. But at present, asphalt beauty and is available in a
flooring can be carried out in a variety of colours. It is elastic and
variety of colors and in different has enough resistance to wear.
forms.
Linoleum: This flooring materials
Brick: This materials is used for is a mixture of linseed oil, gums
cheap construction and for places and resins, pigments, wood flour,
where heavy articles are to be cork dust and other filling
stacked as in case of go downs, materials. It is available in rolls of
shed, stores etc. The bricks are width about 1.80 m or 3.60 m.
laid on the floor and the
brickwork Is carried out in cement Glass: This flooring materials is
or lime mortar. used when it is desired to
transmit light to the floor below
or to admit light to the basement
Mud : This flooring is just similar from the upper floor.
to moorum flooring except that
mud is used in place of moorum . Marble: This flooring materials is
used for superior work and
especially where extraordinary
Concrete: The thickness of cleanliness is required as in case
concrete layer is about 40 mm of operation theatres in hospitals,
and it is carried out in proportion temples, bathroom, kitchen etc.
of 1 part of cement, 2 parts of
sand and 4 parts of coarse
aggregate by volume.
Residential Design
Basic Assignments
Design Diploma
Plastic : This flooring materials Magnesite : This flooring is known as the
called poly-vinyl-chloride (PVC) and composition flooring or joint less flooring
it is fabricated in the form of tiles of . It consist of a dry mixture of magnesium
different sizes and various colour oxide , a pigment and an inert material
shades . This flooring is used with such as asbestos , wood flour , or saw
success practically in all types of dust .
building such as hospitals , offices ,
shops , school etc. Tile : The pre-cast concrete tiles with
marble chips at top surface known as the
Stone : The flooring of this material mosaic tiles , are simply a form of
consist of square or rectangular precast-terrazzo . The are available in
slabs of stones . The stones to be different sizes
used for flooring should be hard ,
durable and of good quality . The Cork: The natural cork is the outer bark
stone slabs may be rough or of the cork oak tree. This flooring in two
polished. forms, namely– Tiles and Carpet. The
cork tiles which are manufactured from
Rubber : This flooring material is a high grade cork bark, are available in
mixture of raw rubber , fillers such standard sizes with varying shades and of
as Fibre , cork and pigments . A different thickness.
small percentage of sulphur is
added to accelerate the process of Moorum: The moorum is the cheapest
vulcanization . flooring materials and it can only be
adopted for ground floor. The moorum is
Terrazzo : This is simply a concrete a form of disintegrated rock with binding
in which marble chips are used as materials.
aggregates and which , when
polished with carborundum stone ,
presents a smooth surface .
Residential Design
Basic Assignments
Design Diploma
Thank you
Milli Jain, B.Sc. Interior Design- 1st Year
1Year Residential Design Diploma
NSQF Level-5 ( NSDC )
Dezyne E’cole College, www.dezyneecole.com

Building Construction: Interiordesign

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INTERIORDESIGN

Project Report Drawing Title Date of Submission Submitted to Submitted by

Project Report Drawing Title Date of Submission Submitted to Submitted by

Basement, ground floor and upper floor:

Sills, Lintels and Weather sheds:

Doors, Windows and Ventilators:

Stairs, Lifts, ramps, etc.:

Project Report Drawing Title Date of Submission Submitted to Submitted by

RCC Lintel Weather shed

Project Report Drawing Title Date of Submission Submitted to Submitted by

Cornice Flooring of terrace

StringCourse First floor slab

Plinth Plinth level floor

Project Report Drawing Title Date of Submission Submitted to Submitted by

Project Report Drawing Title Date of Submission Submitted to Submitted by

Project Report Drawing Title Date of Submission Submitted to Submitted by

Load Bearing wall

Load Bearing wall

Project Report Drawing Title Date of Submission Submitted to Submitted by

Project Report Drawing Title Date of Submission Submitted to Submitted by

Load Bearing wall

Project Report Drawing Title Date of Submission Submitted to Submitted by

Winders Material and workmanship

A stair is defined as a sequence of

Project Report Drawing Title Date of Submission Submitted to Submitted by

In case of a straight stairs, all

Project Report Drawing Title Date of Submission Submitted to Submitted by

In case of turning stairs, the

The usual types of turning stairs

Project Report Drawing Title Date of Submission Submitted to Submitted by

Side Elevation Isometric view

A Stair Turning Through Two

Side Elevation Isometric view

Project Report Drawing Title Date of Submission Submitted to Submitted by

In case of open newel stairs there

Side Elevation Isometric view

Project Report Drawing Title Date of Submission Submitted to Submitted by

Astair turning through three

In this type of stair, the steps

The height of the floor and rise

Central core 3.68 m

Project Report Drawing Title Date of Submission Submitted to Submitted by

In case of rectangular steps the

This arrangement results in

Project Report Drawing Title Date of Submission Submitted to Submitted by

In this arrangement, the steps are

This arrangement is used where

Top view There are three types of Spandril

Project Report Drawing Title Date of Submission Submitted to Submitted by

In this arrangement, the steps are

This arrangement is used where

Project Report Drawing Title Date of Submission Submitted to Submitted by

In this arrangement, the steps are

This arrangement is used where

There are three types of Spandril

Riser Isometric view

Project Report Drawing Title Date of Submission Submitted to Submitted by

Project Report Drawing Title Date of Submission Submitted to Submitted by

I this arrangement, the steps are

Project Report Drawing Title Date of Submission Submitted to Submitted by

These steps are in the form of

Tread The thickness of the step may

These steps are in the form of