Scientific Reasoning and Thinking 6%

2.1 Demonstrate competence in scientific reasoning and 6%

critical thinking

Research in Social Studies 6%

2.2 Demonstrate competence in the conduct of social 6%
science research
2.3 Apply social science research models and 1%
methodology in actual research activity
 1. Among early Greek philosophers ___
introduced empirical knowledge by use
of observation to explain universal truths.
A. Plato C. Aristotle
B. Socrates D. Thales

 Rationale: Aristotle was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates.

2. What method of thinking-and-learning
draws from the general qualities of
knowledge to particular knowledge?
A. Induction C. Discovery
B. Deduction D. Problem
Solving
 Rationale: Deduction works from “general” to the “specific” (Top-bottom
approach).
 3. In which situation do we insist on
belonging to a group thus resisting the
risk of being different?
A. Conformism C. Anarchism
B. Radicalism D. Pessimism

 Rationale: Conformism is the tendency to adopt the attitudes, behavior, dress,

etc., of the group to which one belongs.
4. What aspect of inquiry is NOT related
to ethical conduct in research?
A. Security of participants
B. Respect of confidentiality
C. Voluntary participation by respondents
D. Limitation in research scope
 Rationale: Limitations are factors that the researcher encounters that
unintentionally narrow the scope of the study. (It is part of Chapter 1)
 5. The systematic explanation of
observed phenomena drawn from social
manifestation or patterns in social life is
____.
A. hypothesis C. assumption
B. theory D. truth
 Rationale: Theory is the systematic explanation for observations that relate to
a particular behavior or aspect of human life.
6. Scientific inquiries conducted on social
change over a period of time are
A. trend studies C. panel studies
B. cohort studies D. case studies

 Rationale: A trend study samples different groups of people at different points in

time from the same population. For example: Before an election a sample of adults is
drawn. A year later, a different sample drawn from the same population shows a
change.
7. The two essential dimensions in
teaching Social Studies are ___ and ___.
A. observing and inferring
B. seeing and listening
C. searching and imparting
D. knowing and thinking
 Rationale:
8. Concentration in thinking which leads
to a constant, unbroken line of thought is
______.
A. infusion C. intention
B. focus D. direction

 Rationale:
 9. A comprehensive list of important or
relevant actions to be completed in a
specified order is a ____.
A. pattern C. checklist
B. matrix D. report

 Rationale: Checklist is a comprehensive list of important or relevant actions, or steps

to be taken in a specific order.
10. The type of evaluation which
examines outcome and comes up with a
synthesis that determines the overall
impact and relative costs of an activity
or program is ____.
A. normative evaluation
B. summative evaluation D. causative
C. formative evaluation evaluation
11. What method of thinking-and-
learning draws the general qualities of a
person from particular traits?
A. Problem solving C. Deductive
B. Inductive D. Discovery

 Rationale: Inductive reasoning works from “specific” to “general”.

12. To which group do we belong if we
don’t accept the truth because we insist
on belonging to a group or resist the risk
of being different.
A. Change agents C. Anarchists
B. Radicals D. Conformists
13. What is NOT related to ethical
conduct in research?
A. Respect for confidentiality
B. Limitation in research scope
C. Voluntary participation of respondents
D. Security of participants
14. What is the systematic explanation of
observations on social manifestation/
patterns of social life?
A. Truth C. Theory
B. Belief D. Opinion
15. What are the studies conducted on
social change over a period of time?
A. Trend studies C. Panel studies
B. Cohort studies D. Case Studies
16. What is a tentative answer to a
research problem?
A. Theoretical C. Conclusion
Framework D. Hypothesis
B. Recommendation
17. In which part of research do you find
the answers to the research problems?
A. Recommendation C. Hypothesis
B. Conclusion D. Theoretical
Framework
18. What is a comprehensive list of
important or relevant actions to be
completed in a specified order so that
no step is forgotten?
A. Report card C. Checklist
B. Survey D. Questionnaire
19. What type of evaluation examines the effects or
outcomes of some object – they summarize it by describing
what happens subsequent to delivery of the program or
technology; assessing whether the object can be said to
have caused the outcome; determining the overall impact of
the causal factor beyond only the immediate target
outcomes; and, estimating the relative costs associated with
the object?
A. Summative evaluation
B. Normative evaluation
C. Formative evaluation
D. Complicated evaluation
20. Deliberate deception by way of ____
fallacy is used by advertisers who make
claim to unfounded consumption by
thousands or millions of a product.
A. bandwagon C. circular thinking
B. big lie D. begging the question
21. Generalizing extreme perception
about the people places and ideas, e.g.
white people are biased about colored
people is untruth or fallacy by ___.
A. localizing C. standardizing
B. stereotyping D. summarizing
22. Freedom of thought is opposed to ___.

A. violence C. compulsion
B. slavery D. oppression
23. Asserting a more certain avenue to
the same truth is _______.

A. simplification C. revision
B. syndication D. replication
24. The basic human activity in research is
_____.

A. inquiring C. calculating
B. thinking D. measuring
25. What research is done in a
laboratory?

A. Analysis C. Survey
B. Experiment D. Assessment
26. Science requires ___ in order to
differentiate it from philosophy.

A. authority C. empirical evidence

B. logical thinking D. tradition
27. The use of ___ is useful in reducing
inaccuracies in scientific research.

A. measured devices C. logical reasoning

B. generalization D. machines
28. There are fundamental ideas that
distinguish Social Science from other ways
of explaining social events but ____ is NOT
one of them.
A. data C. belief
B. theory D. analysis
29. Which comprises what the researcher
wants to discover and the best way to do
it?
A. Paradigm C. Methods
B. Hypothesis D. Research design
30. A social science teacher conducts a
research on the best practices of
teaching Araling Panlipunan in Grade 9.
What kind of research does the teacher
conduct?
A. Action research C. Basic research
B. Applied research D. Field research
31. A study conducted on the current state of
Filipino youth involvement (Sebastian, 2014)
revealed that 12 percent of the youth
respondents are hyperdisengaged. What does
the result mean?
A. They participated in all community activities.
B. They have not participated in community activities.
C. They are active in selected activities.
D. They disregarded selected activities.
Refer to the bar graph, then answer questions
32 and 33.
DIMENSIONS OF PARTICIPATION

Online sociocivic participation 29.50% 70.50%

Offline sociocivic participation 51.25% 48.75%

Online political participation 19.50% 80.50%

Offline political participation 73.75% 26.25%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Engaged Disengaged
 DIMENSIONS OF PARTICIPATION
Online sociocivic participation 29.50% 70.50%

Offline sociocivic participation 51.25% 48.75%

Online political participation 19.50% 80.50%

Offline political participation 73.75% 26.25%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Engaged Disengaged

32. A study was conducted on how engaged the Filipino

Youth are in the dimensions of participation. Based on the
data graph above, with which activity are the most
engaged?
A. Online political C. Offline sociocivic
B. Offline political D. Online sociocivic
 DIMENSIONS OF PARTICIPATION
Online sociocivic participation 29.50% 70.50%

Offline sociocivic participation 51.25% 48.75%

Online political participation 19.50% 80.50%

Offline political participation 73.75% 26.25%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Engaged Disengaged

33. What is the lowest percentage of

disengagement?
A. 82.0% C. 80.50%
B. 70.50% D. 72.5%
34. What is a deliberate deception used by
advertisers when they say, “Join the thousands
who have chosen to switch to the better
network.”

A. Bandwagon C. Falsehood or the Big Lie

B. Circular thinking D. Personal attack
35. Which can be considered a deliberate
deception by a student who invents an excuse
or reason, e.g., “I need to relax so I can spend
more time posting Facebook photos than
studying.”
A. Bandwagon C. Personal attach
B. Rationalizing D. Circular thinking
36. Which fallacy generalizes extreme
perception about people, places and ideas
(e.g. Englishmen have no sense of humor,
etc.)?
A. Globalizing C. Stereotyping
B. Localizing D. Standardizing
37. A good research is one that can be
repeated to obtain similar, if not, identical
results. Which attribute of a research is
explained?
A. Replicability C. Precision
B. Parsimony D. Falsifiability
38. Which is referred to as the cause variable?
A. Dependent variable C. Independent variable
B. Moderator variable D. Extraneous
39. In research, which variable do you
manipulate?
A. Moderator C. Dependent
B. Independent D. Extraneous

 Rationale: The thing that is changed on purpose is called the manipulated

variable. Sometimes it is also called the independent variable.
40. Which is a short (about 100-500 word)
summary of the entire research paper that
includes goals and objectives, results, and
conclusions?
A. Abstract C. Conclusion
B. Synopsis D. Precis
41. Which of the following can become an
issue in qualitative research?
A. By-the book approach
B. Formulation of research design and data
collection techniques
C. Generality
D. Gathering data that are based on facts
42. Which is arrived at by way of thinking
process that puts together several parts to form
a complex whole?
A. meaning C. synthesis
B. relationship D. deduction
43. There is need to adopt ___ sampling for
research on academic problems encountered
by indigenous children in a school.
A. stratified C. random
B. purposive D. trend

 Rationale: A purposive sample is a non-probability sample that is selected

based on characteristics of a population and the objective of the study.
44. Which data do anthropologists use in a
descriptive inquiry on the cultural life of an
ethic community through data drawn from
myths, stories, songs and experiences gathered
through field study.
A. Unobtrusive C. Documentary
B. Quantitative D. Qualitative
45. Applying the conflict theory, what element
induced Hispanic authorities during the
colonial period not to teach native Filipinos the
Spanish language?
A. Need to secure the dominant status of Spaniards over natives
B. Lack of adequate funding to support Spanish instruction
C. Natives were already pacified even without teaching them the
language
D. Friars want evangelical teaching, not language teaching
46. You will study within the population issue of
corruption of public officials under the different
regimes. Which study will you engage in?
A. Cross-sectional study C. Cohort study
B. Trend study D. Longitudinal study
47. You want to examine specific sub-
populations, which as those who played a part
in the EDSA revolution with focus on how their
attitudes have changed. Which study will you
do?
A. Longitudinal study C. Cohort study
B. Trend study D. Cross-sectional study
48. For which of the following issues or concerns
would a sociologist likely do an empirical
theory?
A. Crowd behavior C. Advantages and
during rallies disadvantages of
B. Medical effect of democracy as an
contraceptives on ideology
health D. Church doctrine behind
Pope Francis wanting priests
to forgive abortion sinners
49. What is the appropriate research method in
a field study on a cultural group, e.g. way of
life of Badjaos who have settled inland in
Zamboanga province?
A. Documentary research C. Standardized survey
B. Open-ended interviews D. Ethnographic observation
50. Research leader Edna insisted that student
researches appreciate the value of ____ data
or evidence for scientific study above mere
speculation or opinion.
A. authority C. tradition
B. empirical D. Logical reasoning
51. Social theories can be arrived at based on
____ pattern of behavior.
A. diffused C. disparate
B. separate D. aggregate
52. What is a simple way of explaining the
concept of a social theory?
A. Explaining social realities C. Guiding what societies do
B. Ways of looking at D. Innovating society
society
53. What should the researcher do in case
he/she is not yet familiar with the subject?
A. Set assumptions C. Chronicle activities
B. Explore the topic D. Draw up a hypothesis
54. What should the researcher do when
he/she is clear about his subject and methods
and is ready for the tasks of research?
A. Chronicle activities C. Set assumptions
B. Explore the topic D. Draw up a hypothesis
55. To further clarify the subject, what can be
done to ensure that it does not overlap with
irrelevant matters?
A. Perform pilot testing C. Consult experts
B. Formulate a hypothesis D. Set limitations and
delimitations
56. How can assumptions support your inquiry?
A. They assume you are right.
B. They are accepted as true without proof.
C. They make your inquiry scientific.
D. They are prepared by mentors.
57. How does a hypothesis support inquiry?
A. They refer to evidence already proven.
B. They restate the thesis question.
C. They are tentative answers to what is true or false.
D. They provide body of literature.
58. In order to protect participants on serious
issues like use of drugs, the researcher can
adopt ____ of respondents.
A. custody C. open testimony
B. anonymity D. subpoena
59. For privileged communication, the
researcher keeps ____ of respondents under
secrecy or anonymity.
A. data C. names
B. answers D. evidences
60. Which was committed by a researcher who
repackaged information for vested interest,
e.g. mocked-up Tasaday cave dwellers?
A. Deception C. Break trust in confidentiality
B. Misuse of information D. Violate anonymity
61. When social researchers “speak out” the
truth on social issues, they perform the role of
scientific ____.
A. journalists C. writers
B. experts D. commentators
62. Which term is used for researchers
predisposed to arriving at the same conclusion
for a series of researches on the same topic?
A. Labeling C. Reductionism
B. Time dimension D. Echoing
63. Which did researcher Ana conduct on kinds
of worship among similar Christian groups?
A. Trend C. Cohort
B. Cross-sectional D. Longitudinal
64. Which type of study and researcher Pete
conduct on the popular use among millennial
youths of Facebook accounts?
A. cohort C. longitudinal
B. trend D. cross-sectional
65. Inquiry on public sentiment for gays-lesbians
from the 1960’s to 2000’s is ____ study.
A. trend C. longitudinal
B. cross-sectional D. cohort
66. Inquiry on legalization of marijuana getting
data from doctors, parents, teachers,
churches, etc. is _____ research.
A. nomothetic C. non-spurious
B. ideographic D. complete causation
67. What is the unit of studies about churches,
colleges, agencies, army or navy?
A. Social interactions C. Social artifacts
B. Individuals D. Organizations
68. A researcher committed ____ fallacy by
concluding that young voters due to their age
voted young candidates.
A. ecological C. time dimension
B. branding D. reductionist
69. Participants in a research should not be
forced to reveal sensitive personal information,
e.g. sexual behavior because they have the
right to ___.
A. Protection from harm C. coercion
B. informed consent D. privacy
70. Participants may be willing to be
interviewed but there should be the right of
______ need to be ensured by telling them the
nature of a specific research.
A. non-coercion C. protection from harm
B. informed consent D. privacy
71. Participants not willing to be interviewed for
a research should not be subjected to ____
such that they become reluctant respondents.
A. coercion C. ignorance
B. harm D. public disclosure
72. As a researcher, you employ the inductive
approach? Which do you do?
A. Generate new theory emerging from the data and then
test the validity of the theory
B. Test the validity of the theory
C. Generate new theory emerging from the data
D. The validity of the theory then come up with
conclusion
73. What is expected of the researcher in the
Methods/Procedure part of the research?
I. Describes what s/he did, how s/he did it
II. Gives strategies, sample calculations
III. Describes tools and instruments

A. I, II and III C. II and III

B. I and III D. I and II
74. Why does a researcher do a literature
review?
I. To survey the current state of knowledge
in the area of inquiry.
II. To identify key authors, articles, theories,
and findings in the area of research
III. To identify gaps in knowledge in that
research area
A. I and II C. I, II and III
B. II and III D. I and III
75. You would like to research on academic
problems met by Indigenous People children in
your school, which sampling will you use?
A. No sampling C. Purposive sampling
B. Stratified sampling D. Random sampling of all
school children
76. Which statement/s on ethnography is/are TRUE?
I. Ethnography is holistic approach to the
study of cultural systems.
II. Ethnography is the study of the socio-
cultural contexts, processes, and
meanings within cultural systems.
III. Ethnography is an open-ended emergent learning
process, and not a rigid investigator controlled
experiment.
A. I and III C. I and II
B. I, II and III D. II and III
77. Which statement/s on ethnography is/are TRUE?
I. Ethnography is a highly flexible and creative
process.
II. Ethnography is an interpretive, reflexive, and
constructivist process.
III. Ethnography requires the daily and continuous
recording of field notes.

A. II and III C. I and II

B. I and III D. I, II and III
78. Which kind of data includes descriptive field
notes, narration of informants, myths, stories,
songs, and sagas as gathered by
anthropologists?
 Rationale:
I. Qualitative data
II. Quantitative data
III. Inferential data

A. II only C. I only
B. III only D. I, II and III
79. In my research, I use basic classical
ethnographic field methods. Which ones do I use?
I. observations
II. asking questions
III. interpretation
IV. participant observation

A. I, II and III C. I, II, III and IV

B. II, III and IV D. I, III and IV
80. If a design for evaluating a Community Support
Program is being evaluated for its relevance, what
is the most significant question to consider?
A. Does the range of information to be provided include
all the important aspects of the program?
B. Does the information to be provided adequately serve
the evaluation needs of the intended audiences?
C. Is the information to be provided timely enough of
use to the audiences?
D. Does the intended evaluation strictly follow ethical
principles?
81. How does one avoid bias when administering a
teacher questionnaire to determine the pulse on a
new performance evaluation system?
A. Give priority to those who volunteer to fill out the
questionnaire.
B. Make sure the sample of what you’ll measure is most
likely to represent varied opinions.
C. Select sample from those getting high performance
ratings.
D. Exclude as respondents teachers who are 60 or over.
82. If you conduct a phenomenological research,
what key ingredients do you expect?
I. A research question driven by curiosity
informs the design of a study.
II. Participants need to be interested in and
committed to exploring their lived experience
to generate good quality data.
III. An effective analytical framework which
can increase the quality of the findings
A. I and III C. I and II
B. II and III D. I, II, and III
83. An experimental research might compare
accident rates in those who text and drive versus
those who do not text and drive. Which would be
the independent variable?
A. The outcome (accident or no accident)
B. The behavior of texting and driving
C. Gender of drivers who text and drive
D. Ages of drivers who text and drive
84. Research Z conducted a correlational
research on texting while driving and rate of
accidents. Which is a possible finding?
A. Younger drivers have an increased rate of accidents
while texting and driving.
B. Older drivers have less cell phones.
C. Younger drivers are more techno savvy.
D. Accidents are caused by texting.
85. I like to find out if integrity of public officials
has been improving. Which study will I conduct?

A. Cohort study C. Trend study

B. Cross-sectional study D. Longitudinal study
86. In research, if I reason out from particular to
general or broad pattern, I apply the _____
method.
A. Deductive C. Ideographic
B. Inductive D. Nomethetic
87. What kind of study examines specific sub-
populations, such as those who played a part in
the EDSA revolt in order to understand how their
attitudes have changed?
A. Longitudinal study C. Cohort study
B. Trend study D. Cross sectional study
88. For John Dewey, what is the unifying element
of curriculum?
A. Reflective thinking C. Experiential learning
B. Course discipline D. Pedagogy in learning

 Rationale: John Dewey is a famous proponent of progressivism. He argues

that reflective thinking is important.
89. Which of the following is an example of an
issue which a sociologist would study?
A. Why is the rate of abortion rising?
B. How do police actions influence crowd behavior?
C. What is the interaction between chemical and
behavior?
D. Which political system is best?
90. In order to seek full contextual understanding
of the actions of a selected group of individuals,
what will you do?
I. Do ethnographic participants’ observation
II. Conduct open-ended interviews
III. Administer a standardized test

A. I, II and III C. II only

B. I and II D. I only
 91. What method is being used to have Special
children become a part of the regular student
activities?
A. Catalytic learning C. Specialization
B. Mainstreaming D. Alternative learning

 Rationale: Mainstreaming means that a school is putting children with special

needs into classrooms with their peers who have no disabilities.
92. What is used as the basis so that scientific
theory can be empirical and not merely
speculative or opinionated?
A. Evidence-based C. Tradition
B. Authority D. Logical reason
93. What kind of reasoning is done by arguing
from particulars (e.g. Juan, Marie, Jaime, etc.
speak Bisaya) to a general conclusion (e.g.
Therefore many students in the class speak
Bisaya)?
A. A priori C. Inductive
B. Deductive D. Logical
94.What is the fundamental basis for data
gathered in the sciences of Sociology, Biology
and Physics?
A. Belief C. Logic
B. Observation D. Wisdom
95. What process will you use to represent a more
certain avenue to the truth?
A. Generalization C. Replication
B. Fallacy D. Prior argument
96. An inquiry on a social phenomenon that does
not use numbers is ______ research.
A. descriptive C. experimental
B. quantitative D. analytical
97. Statistical analysis is done for various reasons
but NOT for ______.
A. complex formulas C. verbal descriptions
B. simple averages D. mathematical models
98. Of the following topics, which is closest to a
subject for pure research?
A. Survey on beauty product
B. Anthropological account of an ethnic community
C. Impact of an outreach project
D. Problems in a mental health institution.
99. What wrong is committed by a researcher
who installs a hidden camera in order to gather
data on family friction between parents and
children?
A. Protection from harm
B. Coercion
C. Informed consent
D. Right to privacy
100. What was violated by a researcher who
administered lethal drugs to determine their
effect on users?
A. Right to privacy
B. Protection from harm
C. Coercion
D. Informed consent
101. Under research design, what factor is useful
so that choice of topic can fill the researcher with
enthusiasm to pursue an inquiry amid obstacles
until its final outcome?

A. Commitment
B. Interest
C. Dedication
D. Scientific attitude
102. Which step is undertaken when the
researcher mulls over a chosen topic and
purpose, thinking about aspects and dimensions
of a chosen social issue?

A. Observation
B. Operationalization
C. Conceptualization
D. Population and sampling
103. There are many ways to conduct a research,
but what is the stage of study when the
researcher selects the appropriate way to gather
evidence that can support analysis of data
obtained?
A. Population sampling
B. Conceptualization
C. Operationalization
D. Choice of research method
104. When data gathered from survey, interview
or other methods are interpreted, this is the
research stage for ______.

A. sampling
B. operationalism
C. data processing
D. application
105. Communicating the findings of a completed
research to school, institution, or sponsor of the
study is the _____ stage of research.
A. analysis
B. application
C. operationalization
D. publication
106. There are many dimensions or variables in
considering social values that cause corruption in
government, but which is NOT one of them?
A. Motives
B. Attitudes
C. Currencies
D. Lifestyle
107. Statistical analysis can be done in qualitative
research but it is NOT applicable in _____.
A. verbal description
B. simple averages
C. complex formulas
D. methodical models
108. Choose the logical sequence to
operationalize selected stages of a study on drug
addiction.
I. Observation and data gathering
II. Arrive at conclusion
III. Specify method to get data on variables
IV. Set testable hypothesis
V. Process and analyze
A. IV, III, I, V and II C. V, III, I, II and IV
B. II, I, III, V and IV D. III, II, I, IV and V
109. Which system is applied for careful,
deliberate, and quantifiable observation of
evidence in order to describe an object or event
in terms of indicators?
A. Examination
B. Measurement
C. Construction
D. Introspection
110. What can be used to classify observations in
terms of attributes, e.g. classify newspapers as
pro-administration or pro-opposition?
A. Scaling
B. Indexing
C. Typology
D. Introspection
 111. The technique used in selecting large,
representative sample for social research e.g.
election poll ranking is known as _____.
A. probability sampling
B. nonprobability sampling
C. snowball sampling
D. quota sampling
 Rationale: Probability Sampling is a sampling technique in which sample from
a larger population are chosen using a method based on the theory of
probability. For a participant to be considered as a probability sample, he/she
must be selected using a random selection.
 112. Which is the sampling technique in studying
a sub-set of a large population that can show a
meaningful result, e.g. by interviewing some
people during a rally?
A. snowball sampling
B. judgmental sampling
C. nonprobability sampling
D. quota sampling
 Rationale: Judgmental sampling, also called purposive sampling or
authoritative sampling, is a non-probability sampling technique in which the
sample members are chosen only on the basis of the researcher’s knowledge
and judgment.
 113. Which sampling technique is used by
selecting few members of a target population,
e.g. migrant workers you meet at the airport?
A. judgmental sampling
B. quota sampling
C. snowball sampling
D. probability sampling
 Rationale: Snowball sampling is a popular business study method. The
snowball sampling method is extensively used where a population is
unknown and rare and it is tough to choose subjects to assemble them as
samples for research.
114. What sampling technique helps determine
the proportion of the population by use of a
matrix and relative proportion for each cell, e.g.
interviewing a few people who meet the
characteristics of being non-religious?
A. quota sampling
B. purposive sampling
C. snowball sampling
D. probability sampling
115. What is the grouping of units composing a
population into homogenous groups before
sampling in order to achieve a greater degrees
of representatives?
A. Indexing
B. Scaling
C. Weighting
D. Stratification
116. Which affects the validity of research results
due to external events, e.g. popularity decline of
a senator accused of illegal drug involvement?
A. Testing
B. Maturation
C. History
D. Statistical regression
117. If it rains, the ground gets wet. Today, the
ground is wet. Therefore, it rained. Is this a correct
thinking?
A. Yes, what else will make the ground wet if not rain
itself.
B. Yes, because if it rains, the ground surely gets wet.
C. Yes, because the ground is wet today and so it must
have rained yesterday.
D. No, because the ground may have been wet by
something else other than rain.
118. Whish is an example of an objective truth?
A. The earth is the center of the universe.
B. The earth is sphere.
C. The earth is flat.
D. The earth will survive forever.
119. Is the validity of research results affected due
to people continually changing, e.g. getting
older, more wealthy, etc.? Yes because of _____?
A. Experimental mortality
B. testing
C. selection biases
D. maturation
120. Is the validity of research results affected due
to people dropping out of the e.g. experiment or
control group? Yes because of _____?
A. History
B. Instrumentation
C. Experimental mortality
D. testing
121. Is the validity of research results affected due
to what happens to people over time e.g.
participants in class achievement getting worse?
A. Testing
B. Statistical regression
C. History
D. Diffusion
122. Arrange the logical sequence of steps in
constructing an index measurement, e.g. to
determine degrees in political activism:
I. Index analysis
II. Select items to measure variables
III. Examine relationship of indices
IV. Index validation

A. II, III, IV, and I C. IV, III, II, and I

B. I, II, III and IV D. III, IV, I and II
123. What pattern results from your data that
show, e.g. how often child abuse is committed in
a region?
A. Processes C. Magnitude
B. Frequencies D. Consequences
124. What pattern results from your data that
show, e.g. levels child abuse in a community?
A. Processes C. Magnitude
B. Frequencies D. Consequences
 125. What is a part of instruction which gives due
considerations to differences in interests, abilities
and needs of learning?
A. Remedial C. Adaptive
B. Experimental D. Experiential

 Rationale: Adaptive instruction means creating a learning environment and

finding instructional approaches and techniques that conform to meet
students’ individual needs.