Thinking

The definition of
thinking:
The mind is the idea
while thinking
processes of the brain
involved in
processing
information such as
when we form
concepts, engage in
problem solving, to
reason and make
decisions.
 Some limit in the definition of
thinking is as follows:

1. Thinking is the activity of human reason as a

process of strengthening the relationship between
stimulus and response.
2. Thinking is a reasonable working of various views
with the knowledge that has been stored in the mind
long before the emergence of new knowledge.
3. Thinking can be interpreted to remember
something, and questioned whether there is a
relationship between what is intended.
4. Thinking is processing information mentally or
cognitively by rearranging the information from the
environment and the symbols are stored in the
memory of his past.
5. Thinking is a symbolic representation of some
event train of ideas in a precise and careful that
began with the problem.
6. Thinking is a mental process mental
representations newly formed through the
transformation of information by interaction,
attributes such as the assessment of mental
abstraction, logic, imagination and problem-solving.
(9) http://www.dartmouth.edu/%7Ecompose/faculty/pedagogies/thinking.html#elements
 Thinking Process The processes of
thought are as follows:

1. Understanding the formation. Understanding, formed

through the three stages as follows:
a. Analysis of the characteristics of similar
objects. These objects we look at the elements - elements one
by one. For example, or set up a human sense.
b. Comparison - compare these features to be found
traits - traits which are the same, which is not the same,
which is always there and which ones do not always exist
where the essential and which are not essential.
c. Abstraction, that is set aside, dispose, traits that are
not essential, capturing the essential characteristics.
2. Opinion Formation- Formation of opinion is to put the
relationship between two terms or more. The opinions
expressed in the language called the sentence, which consists
of basic sentence or the title or subject and
predicate. Furthermore, the opinion can be divided into three
kinds:
a. Affirmative or positive opinion, the opinion which declares a
state of something, for example Franzel was clever, and aswell
as Yyah….and so on.
b. b. Negative opinion, the repeal That opinion, which clearly
explains the absence of anything thing else on the nature of
things: For example Mikkha is ugly and so skinny.
c. c. Modalities That opinion stating opinion- the possibility of
something on the nature of things: for example it might rain
today, Miles might not come. And so on.
(10)
3. Conclusion withdrawal or Establishment Decision -
The decision is the result of the act makes sense to form
a new opinion based on the opinions that already
exist. There are three kinds of conclusions, ie

a. Inductive inference the decisions taken from the

opinion - opinion toward a particular public opinion.
b. Deductive conclusions
Deductive decision drawn from the general to the
specific, so in contrast to inductive decision.
c. Conclusion analogical - The decision is a decision
that analogical obtained by comparing or customize with
specific opinions that already exist.
(2) p7. http://www.insightassessment.com/pdf_files/DEXadobe.PDF
Thinking Function: Thinking function involves

1. Interpretation Problems:
Known also by defining the problem by way of creative
thinking
2. Problem Solving Strategy: Make a selection of the best
problem-solving strategies some problem-solving strategies are
often used
- Trial anderror It took a long time (Short Term
Memory). Trial and error is to try to resolve if one tried to
repeat it will know where lies the fault.
- Informational Retrieval retrieve the information for solving
problems quickly (Long Term Memory)
- Algorithm That is a problem-solving method that guarantees
a solution if the problem of available opportunities for someone
(1) p15 – paraphrase of an excerpt from The Delphi Report
to develop it.
- Heuristic That helps to simplify the problem,
influenced by past experience. There are four heuristic
methods are:
1. Hill Climbing A heuristic strategy in which each step
is concern to move closer to its final destination.
2. Sub goals Method of solving a problem by making it
smaller or in pieces, everywhere respective aims to
simplify the solution
3. Mean and Analysis A heuristic strategy that will
target to reduce differences between the situation with
the desired objectives through the intermediary of a
way.
4. Working Backward A heuristic strategy where we
have to move backwards from our goal in some
(3) http://criticalthinking.org/University/intraits.html

circumstances
Development of Thinking
Piaget argued that the logical
way of thinking evolved gradually, at
about the age of two years and in about
seven years. Piaget explained, thinking
children did not like thinking adults.
Children's minds seem to be different
with a larger person. Children seem to
Jean Piaget was a Swiss
solve the problem in an entirely developmental psychologist
different level. Differences children and philosopher known for his
who are smaller and bigger is not too epistemological studies with
related to the issues that older children children. His theory of
have more knowledge, but because they cognitive development and
epistemological view are
are different kinds of knowledge, the together called "genetic
present invention Piaget began studying epistemology"
the development of mental structure.
The following developmental stages according to Piaget:

1. Sensory Motor Stage

Lasts from birth until the age
of 2 years. At this stage,
infants build an
understanding of the world
by coordinating the
experiences of sensors (such
as seeing and hearing) with
physical motor actions, the
so-called sensory motor. At
the beginning of this stage,
the newborn has a little more
than a reflex patterns.

(2)
 The following developmental stages according to Piaget:

2. Pre-operational stage
Lasted roughly from age 2 to 7
years. At this stage, children begin to
describe the world with words and
pictures. Symbolic thinking beyond the
simple relationship between the sensor
information and physical
action. However, even preschoolers can
symbolically depicts the world,
according to Piaget, they are still not
able to implement what is called
"surgery"-an internalized mental actions
that allow the children to do mentally
what was previously done physically.
The following developmental stages according to Piaget:
3. Concrete operational
stage Lasted roughly from ages
7-11 years. At this stage children
can carry out operations, and
logical reasoning replaces
intuitive thought as far as
thought can be applied to the
specific examples or
concrete. For example, concrete
operational thinking can not
imagine the steps necessary to
solve an algebra problem, which
is too vague to be considered at
this stage of development.
(2)
 The following developmental stages according to Piaget:

4. Formal Operational Stage It appears from

the age of 11-15 years. At this stage the
individual beyond the real world, concrete
experiences and think in abstract and more
logical. As part of a more abstract thinking,
adolescents develop a picture of an ideal
state. They can think what kind of parents the
ideal and compare their parents with this ideal
standard. They began to prepare for the
possibilities for the future and in awe of what
they can do. In solving the problem, the formal
operational thinker is more systematically,
develop hypotheses about why things happen
like that, then test this hypothesis by way of
deductive reasoning.
(5) http://criticalthinking.org/University/helps.html
 Language and Mind
Thinking is an activity that
resulted in the discovery of the
human person is directed to a
destination. We think to find the
knowledge and understanding that
we want. Thinking is the main
thing that distinguishes between
humans and animals. Humans may
think because human whereas
animals do not have the
language. Animal language is an
instinct that does not need to be
studied and taught, while human
language is the result of culture
that must be learned and taught.
Disadvantages of the animal
does not know the words to
issue his mind. With language,
humans can give names to
everything, whether visible or
invisible. All objects, jobs, and
others abstract, is named. That
way, everything that has ever
observed and experienced can
be saved, be responses and
experiences, then processed
(think) into insights.
(5) http://criticalthinking.org/University/helps.html
In everyday life, is easy once observed that originated
from the mind, then set out in the talk, there appeared
many effects both positive and negative. So, the truth of
a language is not solely lie in the composition of
grammatical alone, but also on governance thought,
intention, and the implications that arise from an
utterance. The idea is not simply embodied one word
only, but requires a form of sentence. Regarding the
relationship of language and mind there is a saying
"Language indicates the quality of the speaker". Or
expanded again "demonstrated the nation's language"
means a person's personality or a nation can be observed
and analyzed from the speech he said, he loves reading,
also from the character of the existing language support.
(5) http://criticalthinking.org/University/helps.html
Language in the system memory,
then work affecting the course of
feelings and thoughts that passed
its out-put in the form of speech
and behavior. Watson through his
theory to say that thinking is
essentially implicit
behavior. Thought to be motor
behavior. Thinking out loud aims
to whisper to yourself. Thus the
indissoluble link between thought
and language. Language is the
actualization of the mind. No
one's language will not understand
what others are thinking and what
she thought. (5) http://criticalthinking.org/University/helps.html
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