EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Pre-requisite
Digital electronics
 Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
Structure of an Embedded system
2
 Definition
3

 A combination of hardware and software which together form a

component of a larger machine.

 An embedded system is a system That has software embedded

into Computer-hardware, which makes a System dedicated for

an application (s) Or specific part of an application or Product or
part of a larger system.

 An embedded system is one that has a dedicated purpose

software embedded in a computer hardware.

 Definition
4

It is any device that includes a programmable

computer but is not itself intended to be a general

purpose computer.

It is a dedicated computer based system for an

application(s) or product. It may be an independent

system or a part of large system. Its software usually
embeds into a ROM (Read Only Memory) or flash.
 Definition
5

An embedded system is designed to run on its own

without human intervention, and may be required to

respond to events in real time.
Embedded Systems are the electronic systems that
contain a microprocessor or a microcontroller, but we
do not think of them as computers – the computer is
hidden or embedded in the system.
Embedded System is pre-programmed to do a specific
function
Why Sudden interest in Embedded systems?
6

Possible Reasons:

 Processors have shrunk in size with increased performance.

 Power consumption has drastically reduced.

 Cost of processors have come down to affordable level.

 The concept of a development environment where you can

prototype the system and do a simulation/emulation also

reduces the design cycle and total development time.
 Applications
7
Medical
Automotive

Communications
Military

Comsumer Industrial
 Applications
8

 Medical Systems
 Pace maker, patient monitoring systems, injection systems,
intensive care units, …
 Office Equipment
 Printer, copier, fax, …

 Tools
 Multimeter, oscilloscope, line tester, GPS, …

 Banking
 ATMs, statement printers, …

 Transportation
 (Planes/Trains/[Automobiles] and Boats)

 Radar, traffic lights, signalling systems, …

 Applications
9

 Automobiles
 Engine management, trip computer, cruise control,
immobilizer, car alarm,
 Airbag, ABS, …

 Building Systems
 Elevator, heater, air conditioning, lighting, key card entries,
locks, alarm systems, …
 Agriculture
 Irrigation systems, feeding systems, milking systems, …

 Space
 satellite systems, …
Applications
10
Architecture of an Embedded System
11
The functionality of an Embedded System
12

Processing
• Transformation of data
• Implemented using processors

Storage
• Retention of data
• Implemented using memory

Communication (also called Interfacing)

• Transfer of data between processors and memories
• Implemented using buses

Operating system
 Real-Time Systems
13

 Real-time systems have been defined as: “those

systems in which the correctness of the system

depends not only on the logical result of the
computation, but also on the time at which the
results are produced”.
Components of an Embedded System
14

 Processor
 Memory
 Input Output Devices and
Interfaces
 Software
 Real-Time Systems
15

 A real-time system is a system whose specification

includes both logical and temporal correctness
requirements.
 Logical Correctness: Produces correct outputs.
 Can by checked.
 Temporal Correctness: Produces outputs at the right
time.
 It is not enough to say that “brakes were applied”
 You want to be able to say “brakes were applied at the
right time”
 Real-Time Characteristics
16

 Real-time systems often are comprised of a

controlling system, controlled system and
environment.
 Controlling system: acquires information about environment using
sensors and controls the environment with actuators.
 Timing constraints derived from physical impact of
controlling systems activities. Hard and soft
constraints.
 Periodic Tasks: Time-driven recurring at regular intervals.
 Aperiodic: event-driven.
Typical Real-Time System
17

Con trolled System

sensor
sensor
sensor

Controlling sensor
Environment
System actuator
actuator
actuator
actuator
 Hard vs. Soft Real Time
18

 Task: A sequential piece of code.

 Job: Instance of a task.
 Jobs require resources to execute.
 Example resources: CPU, network, disk, critical section.
 We will simply call all hardware resources “processors”.
 Release time of a job: The time instant the job becomes
ready to execute.
 Absolute Deadline of a job: The time instant by which the
job must complete execution.
 Relative deadline of a job: “Deadline  Release time”.
 Response time of a job: “Completion time  Release time”.
 Example
19

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

= job release

= job deadline

• Job is released at time 3.

• Its (absolute) deadline is at time 10.
• Its response time is 6.
 Hard Real-Time Systems
20

 A hard deadline must be met.

 If any hard deadline is ever missed, then the
system is incorrect.
 Requires a means for validating that deadlines
are met.
 Hard real-time system: A real-time system in
which all deadlines are hard.
 Examples: Nuclear power plant control, flight
control.
 Soft Real-Time Systems
21

 A soft deadline may occasionally be

missed.
 Soft real-time system: A real-time system
in which some deadlines are soft.
 Examples: Telephone switches, multimedia
applications.
Classification of Scheduling Algorithms
22

All scheduling algorithms

static scheduling dynamic scheduling

(offline, or clock driven) (online, or priority driven)

static-priority dynamic-priority
scheduling scheduling
 Example Real-Time Applications
23
Many real-time systems are control systems.

Example 1: A simple one-sensor, one-actuator control system.

reference rk
A/D uk
input r(t) control-law
yk computation D/A
A/D

y(t) u(t)

sensor plant actuator

The system
being controlled
 Operating Systems
24

Operating System is a software, which

makes a computer to actually work.
It is the software the enables all the
programs we use.
 Operating Systems
25

 The OS organizes and controls the

hardware.

 OS acts as an interface between the

application programs and the machine
hardware.

 Examples: Windows, Linux, Unix and Mac

OS, etc.,
 What OS does?
26

An operating system performs basic tasks such as,

Controlling and allocating memory.

Prioritizing system requests.

Controlling input and output devices.

Facilitating networking.

Managing file systems.

Structure of Operating System
27

Application Programs

System Programs

Software (Operating System)

HARDWARE
 Structure of Operating System
28

 The structure of OS consists of 4 layers:

1. Hardware
Hardware consists of CPU, Main memory, I/O
Devices, etc,

2. Software (Operating System)

Software includes process management routines,
memory management routines, I/O control
routines, file management routines.
Structure of Operating System
29

3. System programs
This layer consists of compilers, Assemblers,
linker etc.

4. Application programs
This is dependent on users need. Ex. Railway
reservation system, Bank database
management etc.,
 Types of OS
30

Operating System can also be classified as

 Single User Systems

 Multi User Systems

 Single User Systems
31

 Provides a platform for only one user at a time.

 They are popularly associated with Desk Top

operating system which run on standalone systems
where no user accounts are required.
Example: DOS
 Multi-User Systems
32

 Provides regulated access for a number of users by

maintaining a database of known users.

 Refers to computer systems that support two or more

simultaneous users.

 Another term for multi-user is time sharing.

 Ex: All mainframes and are multi-user systems.

Memory in embedded Systems
33
Memory in embedded Systems
34
35
36
37
 Storage (Memory) Classification
38

Memory Hierarchy

 Processor Memory (Register Array)

 Primary Memory

 Cache Memory

 Secondary Memory
 Memory Classification
39

 Read Only Memory (ROM)

 Memory Classification
40

 Read Only Memory (ROM)

 Memory Classification
41

 Read Only Memory (ROM)

RAM: “Random-access” memory
42
 RAM: “Random-access” memory
43

SRAM: Static RAM

 Memory cell uses flip-flop to store bit
 Requires 6 transistors
 Holds data as long as power supplied
DRAM: Dynamic RAM
 Memory cell uses MOS transistor and capacitor
to store bit
 More compact than SRAM
 “Refresh” required due to capacitor leak
 word’s cells refreshed when read
 Typical refresh rate 15.625 micro sec.
 Slower to access than SRAM
Communication - Memory Interfacing
44
Memory Interfacing
45
 Interfacing – I/O
46

 Interfacing is a way to communicate and transfer information in

either way.
 Addressing

The data sent by the master over a specified set of lines

which enables just the device for which it is meant
 Arbitration

 Access to a bus is arbitrated by a bus master.

 Protocol
 It is a set of formal rules describing how to transfer data,
especially between two devices.
 Interfacing – I/O
47

 Protocol
 Strobe Protocol
 Master asserts req to receive data
 Servant puts data on bus within time taccess
 Master receives data and deasserts req
 Servant ready for next request
Processing – Processor
48
Processing – Processor
49
Processing – Processor
50
Processing – Processor
51
 Processor Classification
52

Microprocessor
Microcontroller
Digital Signal Processor
Application Specific Integrated
Circuit(ASIC)
Field programmable gate arrays(FPGA)