DESIGN OF FOOTINGS :

PRESENTED TO:
DR MUHAMMAD YAQOOB
PRESENTED BY:
ANUM ALI
2K15-MS-PT-STR-02
HAJRAH NOSHEEN
2K15-MS-FT-STR-04
FOOTINGS
 The lowest load bearing part of the building,
typically below the ground level is called footing.
 Footings are structural members used to support
columns and walls and to transmit and distribute
their loads to the soil in such a way that
 the load bearing capacity of the soil is not
exceeded,
 excessive settlement, differential settlement, and
rotations are prevented
 adequate safety against overturning or sliding is
maintained
DESIGN OF FOOTINGS

Super-structure

Ground Level

foundation

Distribute building load to the ground

TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS
 Shallow Foundation:
 Shallow foundations can be made in depths of as little as 3ft
(1m)
 Shallow foundations are used for small, light buildings
 Deep Foundation:
 A deep foundation is used to transfer the load of a
structure down through the upper weak layer of topsoil to
the stronger layer of subsoil below.
 Deep foundations can be made at depths of 60 - 200ft (20 -
65m)
 Deep foundations are for large, heavy buildings
Types of Footings
 WALL FOOTING:
 The wall footings are used
to support structural walls
that carry loads from other
floors or to support non
structural walls.
 They have a limited width
and a continuous length
under the wall.
 Wall Footings may have
one thickness, be stepped
or have a sloped top.
SPREAD FOOTING
 A spread footing is used
to support an individual
column.
 These may be
rectangular, square or
circular.
 Sometimes it is stepped
or haunched to spread
the load over a large
area.
 It is used when columns
are used at relatively
long distances.
STRAP FOOTING
 Cantilever or strap
footings consist of two
single footings
connected with a
beam or a strap and
support two single
columns.
 This type replaces a
combined footing and
is more economical.
COMBINED FOOTING
 Spread footings that
support more than one
column or wall are known
as combined footings.
 They can be divided into
two categories:
 those that support two
columns,
 those that support more
than two (generally large
numbers of) columns.
NEED OF PROVIDING COMBINED FOOTING

 if columns are so close to the property line that

single-column footings cannot be made without
projecting beyond that line
 if some adjacent columns are so close to each
other that their footings would merge.
STRIP, GRID AND MAT FOUNDATION

 In the case of heavily loaded columns, particularly if

they are to be supported on relatively weak or uneven
soils, continuous foundations may be necessary.
 They may consist of a continuous strip footing
supporting all columns in a given row or, more often,
of two sets of such strip footings intersecting at right
angles so that they form one continuous grid
foundation.
 For even larger loads or weaker soils the strips are
made to merge, resulting in a mat foundation.
RAFT/MAT FOUNDATION
 Raft or mat foundations consists of one footing,
usually placed under the entire building area, and
supports the columns of the building. They are used
when:
 The soil bearing capacity is low
 Columns loads are heavy
 Single footings cannot be used
 Piles are not used
 Differential settlement must be reduced through entire
footing system
RAFT/MAT FOUNDATION
RAFT/MAT FOUNDATION
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
 Footings must be designed to carry the column loads and
transfer them to soil safely. The design procedure must take
the following strength requirements into consideration
 The area of the footing based on the allowable bearing
capacity
 One way shear
 Two way shear, or punching shear
 Bending moment and steel reinforcement required
 Bearing capacity of columns at their base and dowel
requirements
 Development length of bars
 Differential settlement
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
 SIZE OF FOOTINGS:
 The area of footings can be determined from the actual
external loads(unfactored forces and moments) such that the
allowable soil pressure is not exceeded. In general, for the
vertical loads.
Area of footing = Total service load (including self wt)/allowable
soil pressure, qa
Area = P(total)/ qa
Once the area is determined, a factored soil pressure is
obtained by dividing the factored load
Pu = 1.2D + 1.6L
The allowable soil pressure, qa , is obtained from soil test and is
based on service loads condition.
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
 ONE WAY SHEAR (Vu1):
 For footings with bending action in one direction,
the critical section is located at distance “d” from
the face of the column. The allowable shear in this
case is equal to:
 FVc = 2Fl√f’cbd (F= 0.75)
 Where b is the width of section

 Vu1 = qu b (L/2 – c/2 – d)

 If no shear reinforcement is to be used, then d can

be determined, assuming Vu = FVc
d = Vu1/ 2Fl√f’cbd
ONE WAY SHEAR
TWO WAY SHEAR
 TWO WAY SHEAR (Punching Shear Vu2 )
Two way shear is the measure of diagonal tension
caused by the effect of column load on the footing.
Inclined cracks may occur in the footing at a
distance of d/2 from the face of the column on all
sides. The footing will fail as the column tries to
punch out part of the footing.
The ACI code, section 11.11.2allows a shear strength,
Vc, in footings without shear reinforcement for
two way shear action, the smallest of,
TWO WAY SHEAR
 Vc1 = 4 l√f’cbod (a)
 Vc2 = (2 + 4/b)√f’cbod (b)
 Vc3 = (asd/bo + 2)l√f’cbod (c)
Where,
b= Ratio of long side to short side of rectangular column
bo =Perimeter of the critical section taken at d/2 from the
loaded area (column section)
d= Effective depth of footing
l= Modification factor for type of concrete (ACI 8.6.1)
l= Normal weight concrete
For Eq (c)
as= 40 for interior columns, 30 for edge columns, 20 for
corner columns
TWO WAY SHEAR
EXAMPLE
 This foundation is done for a storage 5 story building.
The raft is used for economical consideration
 The soil profile shows that the bearing stress is around
100 kN/m2(2.09kips/ft2). The raft foundation is usually
used with this kind of soil. The columns have high axial
loads.
 The raft will be designed as flat plate, which has a
uniform thickness and without any beams or
pedestals.
 The method used in the design called
“The Conventional Rigid Method”
PARAMETERS USED IN RAFT DESIGN

Parameter Notation Values in SI Values in FPS

Yield strength of steel Fy 400 MPa 58013 psi
Strength of concrete fc 30 MPa 4351 psi
Young modules of
elasticity E 2000000 29000ksi
Dear load factor D.L.F 1.2 1.2
Live load factor L.L .F 1.6 1.6
Soil Unit weight γ soil 15 kN/m3 .096 kips/ft3
Allowable Bearing stress qa 100 kN/ m2 .64 kips/ft3
γ
Concrete Unit weight concrete 25 kN/ m3 .16 kips/ft3
STEPS INVOLVED IN DESIGN
1. Area calculation
2. Design loads
3. Loads per square meter
4. Column loads
5. Column dimensions & reinforcement
6. Column capacity
7. Decision for footing
8. Raft thickness
9. Raft depth check
10. Soil pressure check
11. Settlement analysis
12. Moment calculation
RAFT DIMENSIONS
 The raft has x side spacing of 7 meters(22.96 ft) and y-side spacing of 6 meters
(19.68 ft). One meter edge is around the edges columns.

LAYOUT OF RAFT
AREA OF RAFT
 The total area of the raft
= [(3 ∗ 7) + 1 + 1]∗[(3 ∗ 6) + 1 + 1] = 23 ∗ 20
= 460 m2
= 4951.4 ft2
COLUMNS LOADS IN RAFT:

Load value Load value

Load type Load case (kN/m2) (kips/ft2)
.052
Services Dead 2.5 kN/m2 kips/ft2

.104
Slab own weight 25kN/m3)(0.2m)
assumed Dead = 5 kN/m2 kips/ft2
.0209
Flooring Dead 1 kN/m2 kips/ft2
.146
Live loads Live 7 kN/m2 kips/ft2
RAFT DIMENSIONS & COLUMN SPACING :
 Figure shows the columns notation and the yellow lines
shows the turbidity areas that are covered by the columns.

RAFT DIMENSIONS & COLUMN SPACING

 LOADS PER SQUARE FOOT :

𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠= (5+2.5+1) 𝑘𝑁𝑚2∗𝑛𝑜.o𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑠

𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠= (5+2.5+1) 𝑘𝑁𝑚2∗5
=42.5 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 = 0.89kips/ft2
 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑖v𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠= 7 𝑘𝑁𝑚2∗5=35 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 =
0.73kips/ft2
 COLUMN LOADS :

𝐴𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 =𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎∗𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

Column type (1):
Axial unfactored Dead load =42.5 kN/m2∗ (4∗4.5 )m2=765 kN= 171.97 kips
Axial unfactored Live load =35 kN/m2∗( 4∗4.5) m2=630 kN= 141.62 kips
Total Service Axial load =765+630 kN=1395 kN = 313.59 kips
Ultimate axial load =1.2 (765) +1.6 (630) =1926 kN = 432.96 kips
Column type (2):
Axial unfactored Dead load =42.5 kN/m2∗( 4∗7 )m2=1190 kN = 267.512 kips
Axial unfactored Live load =35 kN/m2∗ (4∗7) m2=980 kN = 220.304 kips
Total Service Axial load =1190+980 kN=2170 kN = 487.82 kips
Ultimate axial load =1.2 (1190) +1.6 (980) =2996 kN = 673.5 kips
 COLUMN LOADS :

Column type (3):

Axial unfactored Dead load =42.5 kN/m2∗ (4.5∗6) m2=1148 kN = 258.1 kips
Axial unfactored Live load =35 kN/m2∗ (4.5∗6 )m2=945 kN = 212.43 kips
Total Service Axial load =1148+945 kN=2093 kN = 470.51 kips
Ultimate axial load =1.2 (1148) +1.6 (945) =2889 kN = 649.45 kips
Column type (4):
Axial unfactored Dead load =42.5 kN/m2∗ (7∗6 )m2=1785 kN = 401.27 kips
Axial unfactored Live load =35 kN/m2∗( 7∗6) m2=1470 kN = 330.45 kips
Total Service Axial load =1785+1470 kN=3255 kN = 731.72 kips
Ultimate axial load =1.2 (1785) +1.6 (1470) =4494 kN = 1010.25 kips
 EXTRA COLUMN LOADS :

Extra Column loads: These columns are placed in the right edge of the raft,
and they are external columns that are carried by the raft and will cause
moments around x-axis and y-axis as will be shown. The axial loads of
the original columns and extra columns are shown in the table
Total service
Dead load Live load
load Total factored
Column no. (kN) (kips) (kN) (kips)

(kN) (kips) load (kN)(kips)

C5 (extra) 500 112.4 300 67.44 800 179.8 1080 242.8

C6 (extra) 450 101.2 250 56.2 700 157.4 940 211.31
C7 (extra) 400 89.92 200 44.96 600 134.9 800 179.8
C8 (extra) 350 78.68 150 33.72 500 112.4 660 148.4
Table 3, all columns loads
 Columns Dimensions and Reinforcement :

 All columns have dimensions of 500 mm by 500 mm (1.64 ft*1.64

ft) with 12∅22 as shown in figure. This design of column will resists
all columns loads up to the maximum load of 4494 kN (1010.25
kips)
 COLUMN CAPACITY:

 𝑃𝑐=∅𝑃𝑛
 = (0.7 )(0.8)[ (0.85𝑓𝑐′𝐴𝑔+𝐹𝑦𝐴𝑠𝑡)]
 𝑃𝑐=∅𝑃𝑛
 = (0.7)(0.8)[(0.85(30)(500)(500)+(400)(4562)]
 Pc = 4592 kN(1032.3 kips) > Pu = 4494 kN(1010.25 kips)
 WHY RAFT SHOULD BE USED?

 If a single square footing need to be designed under the maximum

axial load that is occurred in columns type 4. This foundation will
be used for a loose sand soil. The properties used in the analysis
and the design of this raft foundation are shown in table 4.

Soil type Loose sand

qe = 100 kN/m2
Effective bearing stress for the soil =2.09kips/ft2
20,000 kN/m3
Sub-grade modules =128kips/ft3
30 MPa = 4351 psi
Concrete strength of raft
400 MPa= 58013 psi
Reinforcement Steel strength
Table 4, Properties taken in Raft Design
 WHY RAFT SHOULD BE USED?

qe=100 kN/m² = 2.09 kips/ft2

Total Maximum Service Axial load =1785+1470 kN
=3255 kN = 731.724 kips
Area of single square footing =1.1 (3255)/100=35.8 m²= 385.38 ft2
B X B=35.8−→B= √35.8
=6 m * 6 m (19.6 ft * 19.6 ft )
This area is considered to be very big to be excavated under one
column. So the raft foundation will be much efficient and more
economical for this foundation.
 RAFT THICKNESS:

In Raft foundation, the thickness can be determined by checking the

diagonal tension shear that will be imposed in the raft.
 RAFT THICKNESS:

In Raft foundation, the thickness can be determined by checking the

diagonal tension shear that will be imposed in the raft. The
maximum ultimate column load will be used in the calculation.
𝑈= (𝑏𝑜)(𝑑 )∅ (0.34) √𝑓𝑐′ ACI-05 11.12.2.1.c
Where,
U = factored column load
∅ = Reduction factor = 0.85
𝑏𝑜 = The parameter of the sheared area d = effective depth of raft
𝑓𝑐′ = Compressive strength of concrete
In this Raft,
𝑈= 4494 kN = 4.494 MN(1010.25 kips )
𝑏𝑜=4 (0.4+𝑑 )=1.6+4𝑑
 RAFT THICKNESS:

𝑈= (𝑏𝑜)(𝑑 )∅ (0.34) √𝑓𝑐′ ACI-05 11.12.2.1.c

4.494= (1.6+4𝑑)(𝑑) (0.75) (0.34)√30
4.494= (1.6𝑑+4𝑑²) (1.397)
3.2169=1.6𝑑+4𝑑²
0=4𝑑²+1.6𝑑−3.2169
0=4𝑑²+1.6𝑑−3.2169
Solving equation for d
d = 0.689 m = 689 mm = 700 mm (2.3 ft)
Thickness of the raft = 700 + 75 + 25 (assumed bar diameter)
Thickness = 800 mm (2.6 ft )
 RAFT DEPTH CHECK:

(a) ONE WAY SHEAR:

𝑉𝑢=𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠h𝑒𝑎𝑟− (𝑑 )(𝑤soil)
To determine the 𝑤𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 , the average soil pressure should be
determined in the maximum loads stripes. For the y-strips, CSY4
have maximum shear value in C4. Which is equal to 2173.51 kN
( 488.6 kips )
 RAFT DEPTH CHECK:

(a) ONE WAY SHEAR:

Shear Diagram

Maximum shear in strip CSY3

 RAFT DEPTH CHECK:

(a) ONE WAY SHEAR:

CSY3 will be analyzed separately to calculate the ultimate bearing
stress of the soil.
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑡=𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 𝐶𝑆𝑌3/𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑡=𝐶2+𝐶4+𝐶4+𝐶2/(𝑤𝑖dth 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝)(𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡h 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝)
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑡=2996+4494+4494+2996/(3.5)(20)
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑡= 214 𝑘𝑁/𝑚² (4.47 kips/ ft2 )
𝑤soil =(214 𝑘𝑁/𝑚²) (𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡h 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 )=(214 𝑘𝑁/𝑚²)(3.5)
𝑤soil =749𝑘𝑁/𝑚 ( 50.93 kips/ft )
Assuming
𝑑=800−75=725 𝑚𝑚 (2.38 ft )
𝑉𝑢=𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠h𝑒𝑎𝑟− 𝑑 (𝑤𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙)
𝑉𝑢=2173.5− 0.725( 749)
𝑉𝑢=1630.5 𝑘𝑁 ( 366.54 kips)
 RAFT DEPTH CHECK:

(a) ONE WAY SHEAR:

𝑑= 𝑉𝑢(1000)/(0.75)√ 𝑓𝑐′ (1/6)(𝐵)
d= (1630.5) (1000 )/(0.75)√ 30( 1/6)( 3500 )
𝑑=680.4 𝑚𝑚 (2.23ft)<𝑑=725(2.38ft) 𝑜𝑘
(b) TWO WAY SHEAR (interior Column):
𝑉𝑢=𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝐴𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑− (𝑑+𝑎)²(𝑤𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙)
To determine the 𝑤𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 , the average soil pressure should be determined in the
maximum loads stripes.
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑡=214 𝑘𝑁/𝑚² (4.47 kips/ ft2 )

Two Way Shear Area

TWO WAY SHEAR

Assuming 𝑑=800−75=725 𝑚𝑚 (2.38ft)

𝑉𝑢=𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝐴𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑− (𝑑+𝑎)²(𝑤soil)
𝑉𝑢=4494− (0.725+0.5)²214 =4172.9 𝑘𝑁 (938.06 kips)
𝑏𝑜=4 (𝑎+𝑑) =4 (500+725) =4900 𝑚𝑚 (16.08 ft )
𝑑= 𝑉𝑢(1000)/(0.75)√ 𝑓𝑐′ (1/3)(𝐵)
d=(4172.9) (1000)(0.75)√ 30 (1/3)(4900)
𝑑𝐼𝐼𝐼=622.6 𝑚𝑚 (2.04 ft )
𝑑=622.6 𝑚𝑚 (2.04 ft) <𝑑=725 (2.38ft) 𝑜𝑘
SOIL PRESSURE CHECK:

In this section, the soil net pressure should be checked in each

point of the raft foundation. The raft foundation is not
symmetric around x-axis nor y-axis due to difference in the
columns positions and loads. Moments effects on the raft
should be checked to assure that the stresses of the raft
under all columns are less than the net allowable stress which
is equal to 100 kN/m² ( 2.09kips/ft2 )
𝑞=𝑄/𝐴∓𝑀𝑦𝑥/𝐼𝑦∓𝑀𝑥𝑦/𝐼𝑥
𝐴= Area of the mat = 460m² (4952 ft2)
𝐼𝑥= bh³/12=23(20)³/12=15333.3 m4 (1.78*106 ft4 )
𝐼𝑦= bh³/12= (20)(23)3/12=20278.3 m4 (2.35*106 ft4 )
𝑄=𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠
𝑄=4(𝐶1) +4(𝐶2) +4(𝐶3) +4(𝐶4) +𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠
𝑄=4 (1395) +4 (2170) +4 (2093) +4 (3225)+800+700+600+500
𝑄=38252 𝑘𝑁 (8599.05 kips )
RESULTANT POSITIONS DUE T0 COLUMN LOADS:
COLUMN TOTAL SERVICE LOADS:
CALCULATE My:

𝑒𝑥=𝑋′−10.5
𝑄∗𝑋′=𝑄1 𝑥′1 +𝑄2 𝑥′2 +⋯
𝑋′=𝑄1 𝑥′1 +𝑄2 𝑥′2 +⋯/𝑄
𝑋′=1/38252 [(7) (2170+3255+3255+2170) +
(14)(2170+3255+3255+2170) + (17.5)(800+700+600+500) +
(21) (1395+2093+2093+1395)]
𝑋′=1/38252 [227850+45500+146496]
𝑋′=10.976 𝑚 (36 ft )
𝑒x=10.976−10.5=0.4758 𝑚 (1.56 ft )
𝑀𝑦=𝑄𝑒𝑥=38252∗0.4758=18200 𝑘𝑁.𝑚 (13468 kips.ft )
CALCULATE Mx:
𝑒y=𝑌′−9
𝑄∗𝑌′=𝑄1 𝑦′1 +𝑄2 𝑦′2 +⋯
𝑌′=𝑄1 𝑦′1 +𝑄2 𝑦′2 +⋯/𝑄
𝑌′=1/38252 [(18)( 1395+2170+2170+800+1395)+ (12)
(2093+3255+3255+700+2093) +
(6)(2093+3255+3255+600+2093)]
𝑌′=1/38252[142740+136752+67776]
𝑌′=9.07843 𝑚 (29.8 ft)
𝑒𝑦=9.07843−9=0.07843 𝑚 (.26 ft)
𝑀𝑥=𝑄𝑒𝑦=38252∗0.07843=3000 𝑘𝑁.𝑚 (2220 kips.ft)
CORNERS OF RAFT
Calculate Soil pressure due to total service axial
loads and moments:

𝑞𝑖=−𝑄/𝐴∓𝑀𝑦𝑥/𝐼𝑦∓𝑀𝑥𝑦/𝐼𝑥 𝑖=1,2,3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 4

where (-) minus signs refers to compression stress.
Soil pressure will be checked in the four corners of the raft. Soil
pressure should not be more than the allowable stress of the
soil and not less than 0 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2(0 kips/ft2 ),to make sure that
no tension could occur in any part of the raft
𝑞𝑖=−𝑄/𝐴∓𝑀𝑦𝑥/𝐼𝑦∓𝑀𝑥𝑦/𝐼𝑥
𝑞1=−38252/460−18200 (11.5)/20278.3−3000(10.5)/ 15333.
𝑞1=−83.157−10.321−2.054
𝑞1=−95.532(1.99 kips/ft2)<𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡=100 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 (2.09 kips/ft2 )ok
Calculate Soil pressure due to total service axial
loads and moments:

𝑞𝑖=−𝑄/𝐴∓𝑀𝑦𝑥/𝐼𝑦∓𝑀𝑥𝑦/𝐼𝑥 𝑖=1,2,3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 4

𝑞2=−38252/460+18200 (11.5)/ 20278.3−3000 (10.5)/ 15333.3
𝑞2=−83.157+10.321−2.054
𝑞2=−75.265(-1.57 kips/ft2 )<𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡=100 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 (2.09 kips/ft2 ) ok
𝑞3=−38252/460+18200 (11.5)/ 20278.3+3000 (10.5)/ 15333.3
𝑞3=−83.157+10.321+2.054
𝑞3=−70.89(-1.48 kips/ft2)<𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡=100 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 (2.09 kips/ft2 ) ok
𝑞4=−38252/460−18200 (11.5)/ 20278.3+3000 (10.5 )/15333.3
𝑞4=−83.157−10.321+2.054
𝑞4=−91.424(-1.91 kips/ft2)<𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡=100 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 (2.09 kips/ft2 ) ok
All pressure values are in compression and they are less than the net
bearing stress of the soil which is equal to 100 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
SAFE SETTLEMENT ANALYSIS:

 SAFE software has been used in the modeling of the raft,

because the SAFE is specified slabs, footing and mat
foundations modeling. The maximum settlement occurred is
equal to 28.5 mm (.09ft). Settlement of 28.5 millimeters
(.09ft). is considered to be acceptable, because the maximum
allowable settlement is equal to 100 mm (.328ft).
SAFE SETTLEMENT ANALYSIS:
MOMENT STRIP SAFE RESULTS:

X DIRECTION STRIPS:
In x-strips, the column strips have a dimension of 2.5 meter(8.2 ft) width and the middle strips
have a dimension of 3 meters (9.84 ft ) width. Moments computed are analyzed base on one
meter unit width of the strip. Moment Diagram of x-strips are shown in figure
 MOMENT STRIP SAFE RESULTS:

 Negative moments will be designed for Top Reinforcement, and Positive moments
will be designed for Bottom Reinforcement
Maximum Moment Value
Strip (kN.m) Max moment Value (kips.ft)
notation Strip Field
Positive Negative Positive Negative

CSx1 Column strip 1144 1049.3 846.56 626.45

MSx1 Middle strip 319.1 1063.0 236.13 174.74

CSx2 Column strip 1532 1142.0 1134 839.2

MSx2 Middle strip 476.6 1039.0 352.7 261

CSx3 Column strip 1523 1142.3 1127 834

MSx3 Middle strip 303.4 1064.3 224.5 166.13

CSx4 Column strip 1119 1052.2 828.1 612.8

MOMENT STRIP SAFE RESULTS:

Y Direction Strips:
In y-strips, the column strips have a dimension of 2.75 meter (9.02 ft) width and the middle
strips have a dimension of 3.5 meters(11.48 ft) width. Moments computed are analyzed
base on one meter unit width of the strip. Moment Diagram of x-strips are shown in figure
 MOMENT STRIP SAFE RESULTS:

Y Direction Strips:
Negative moments will be designed for Top Reinforcement, and Positive moments
will be designed for Bottom Reinforcement.

Maximum Moment Value

Maximum Moment Value (kips.ft)
Strip (kN.m)
notation Strip Field
Positive Negative Positive Negative
CSY1 Column strip 943 960.3 697.8 710.62
MSY1 Middle strip 26.1 927.7 19.31 14.29
CSY2 Column strip 1450 1107.3 1073 794.02
MSY2 Middle strip 166.2 948.3 123 91.02
CSY3 Column strip 1445 1230.3 1069.3 791.28
CSY4 Middle strip 344 1193.0 254.56 188.37
CSY5 Column strip 939.7 1117.5 695.34 514.55
MANUAL DESIGN ( X STRIP DESIGN):

Positive moments (Bottom Reinforcement):

Design of reinforcement will be based on one meter (3.281 ft )unit of the
strip. The distance to the rebar center is equal to 75 mm(.25 ft), so
effective raft depth equal to 𝑑=800−75=725 𝑚𝑚 (2.38 ft )
𝑀𝑢+ 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 =1532 𝑘𝑁.𝑚/m (349.9 kips.ft/ ft )
𝑀𝑢+/∅𝑏𝑑2=1532𝑒6/ (0.9)(1000)(725)2=3.238
→𝐺𝑜 𝑡𝑜 𝑞𝑢 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒→ 𝜌=0.0088>𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛=0.0035
→ 𝜌=0.0088<𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥=0.0244 𝐴𝑠=0.0088 𝑏 𝑑 =(0.0088)(1000)(725)
𝐴𝑠=6380 𝑚𝑚2/m (20.93ft2/ft)
use 13∅25
𝐴𝑠=6381 𝑚𝑚2/m(20.93ft2/ft) 𝑆=1000/13−1=83 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑆=80
𝑚𝑚(.26ft)<𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥=450 𝑚𝑚 (1.47 ft)
Use ∅25@80𝑚𝑚 (.26ft)
MANUAL DESIGN ( X STRIP DESIGN):

Positive moments (Bottom Reinforcement):

CHECK MC:
a=As∗Fy/0.85∗fc∗b =6381∗400/0.85∗30∗1000=100.1 mm (.328ft)
c=a/B1=100.10.85=117.7 mm(.386ft )
d=h−cover−=800−75=725 mm (2.38 ft )
∈t=(d−c/c)×0.003=(725−117.7/117.7)×0.003=0.0154>0.005(Tension
Control)
then use ∅=0.9
Mc=∅(As)(Fy) (d−a/2 )
Mc= (0.9 )(6381)(400) (725−100.1/2) e−6
Mc=1550.4 kN.m(1147.3kips.ft)>𝑀𝑢=1532 kN.m(1134kips.ft) ok
Use ∅25@80mm (.26ft) for positive moments x−direction−bottom
Reinforcement
MANUAL DESIGN ( X STRIP DESIGN):

NEGATIVE MOMENTS (Top Reinforcement):

Design of reinforcement will be based on one meter unit of the strip.
The distance to the rebar center is equal to 75 mm, so effective raft
depth equal to 𝑑=800−75=725 𝑚𝑚 (2.38 ft )
𝑀𝑢− 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 =1142.3 𝑘𝑁.𝑚/m (257kips ft/ft )
𝑀𝑢± /∅𝑏𝑑2=1142.3𝑒6 /(0.9)(1000)(725)2=2.415
→𝐺𝑜 𝑡𝑜 𝑞𝑢 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒→ 𝜌=0.0064>𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛=0.0035 → 𝜌=0.0064<𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥=0.0244
𝐴𝑠=0.0064 𝑏𝑑 =0.0064 (1000) (725)
𝐴𝑠=4640 𝑚𝑚2/m (15.22 ft2/ft)
use 10∅25/m 𝐴𝑠=4909 𝑚𝑚2/m (16.1ft2/ft )
𝑆=1000/10−1=111.1
𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑆=110 𝑚𝑚(.36ft)<𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥=450 𝑚𝑚 (1.47ft)
Use ∅25@110 𝑚𝑚 (.36ft)
MANUAL DESIGN ( X STRIP DESIGN):

CHECK MC:

a=As∗Fy/0.85∗fc∗b = 77 mm (.25ft)
c=a/B1=770.85=90.6 mm (.29 ft )
d=h−cover−stirrups−db/2=800−75=725 mm (2.38 ft )
∈t=(d−c/c)×0.003 = (725 −90.6/90.6) ×0.003=0.021>0.005 (Tension Control)
then use ∅=0.9
Mc=∅(As)(Fy) (d−a/2 )
Mc= 0.9 4909 400 725−772 e−6
Mc=1213.2 kN.m (897.76 ft)>𝑀𝑢=1532 kN.m (1134kips.ft) ok
Use ∅25@110mm (.36ft) for negative moments x−direction−top
Reinforcement
MANUAL DESIGN ( Y STRIP DESIGN):

POSITIVE MOMENTS (BOTTOM REINFORCEMENT):

Design of reinforcement will be based on one meter unit of the strip. The
distance to the rebar center is equal to 75 mm + 25 mm, because y-
direction reinforcement will be under the reinforcement of x-direction, so
effective raft depth equal to 𝑑=800−(75+25)=700 𝑚𝑚 (2.3ft)
𝑀𝑢+ 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 =1532 𝑘𝑁.𝑚/m (349.9 kips.ft/ ft )
𝑀𝑢+/∅𝑏𝑑2=1450𝑒6 /(0.9)(1000)(700)2=3.288
→𝐺𝑜 𝑡𝑜 𝑞𝑢 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒→ 𝜌=0.009>𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛=0.0035
→ 𝜌=0.009<𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥=0.0244 𝐴𝑠=0.009 𝑏𝑑 =(0.009)(1000) (700)
 𝐴𝑠=6300 𝑚𝑚2/m (20.67ft2/ft)

 use 13∅25/m 𝐴𝑠=6381 𝑚𝑚2/m (20.67ft2/ft) 𝑆=1000/13−1=83

 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑆=80 𝑚𝑚 (.26ft) <𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥=450 𝑚𝑚 (1.47ft)

 Use ∅25@80𝑚𝑚 (.26ft)
MANUAL DESIGN ( Y STRIP DESIGN):

POSITIVE MOMENTS (BOTTOM REINFORCEMENT):

Check Mc:
a=As∗Fy/0.85∗fc∗b=6381∗400/0.85∗30∗1000=100.1 mm (.328ft)
c=a/B1=100.1/0.85=117.7 mm (.386ft)
d=h−cover=800−75=725 mm (2.38 ft )
∈t= (d−c/c) ×0.003= (725 −117.7/117.7 )×0.003=0.0154>0.005
(Tension Control)
then use ∅=0.9
Mc=∅ As Fy (d−a/2)
Mc= (0.9)(6381 )(400 )(725−100.1/2) e−6
Mc=1550.4 kN.m (1147.3 kips.ft )>𝑀𝑢=1450 kN.m(1073 kips.ft ) ok
Use ∅25@80mm (.26ft) for positive moments Y−direction−bottom
Reinforcement
NEGATIVE MOMENTS (TOP REINFORCEMENT):
( Y STRIP DESIGN):

Design of reinforcement will be based on one meter unit of the strip.

The distance to the rebar center is equal to 75 mm + 25 mm,
because y-direction reinforcement will be under the reinforcement
of x-direction, so effective raft depth equal to
𝑑=800−(75+25)=700 𝑚𝑚 (2.3ft)
𝑀𝑢− 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 =1532 𝑘𝑁.𝑚/m (349.9 kips.ft/ ft )
𝑀𝑢±/∅𝑏𝑑2=1230.3𝑒6 /(0.9)(1000) (700)2=2.790
→𝐺𝑜 𝑡𝑜 𝑞𝑢 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒→ 𝜌=0.0076>𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛=0.0035
→ 𝜌=0.0076<𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥=0.0244
𝐴𝑠=0.0076 𝑏 𝑑 =(0.0076)(1000)(700)
𝐴𝑠=5300 𝑚𝑚2/m (17.39ft2/ft)
use 11∅25/m 𝐴𝑠=5400 𝑚𝑚2/m 𝑆=1000/10−1=100
𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑆=100 𝑚𝑚 (.328ft) <𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥=450 𝑚𝑚 (1.47ft) Use ∅25@100 𝑚𝑚
NEGATIVE MOMENTS (TOP REINFORCEMENT):
( Y STRIP DESIGN):

Check Mc:
a=As∗Fy/0.85∗fc∗b=(5400)∗(400)/(0.85∗30∗1000)=84.7 mm
c=a/B1=84.7/0.85=99.6 mm
d=h−cover−stirrups−db=800−75−25=700 mm
∈t= (d−c/c) ×0.003= (700 −99.6/99.6) ×0.003=0.0181>0.005 (Tension
Control)
then use ∅=0.9
Mc=∅ As Fy (d−a/2)
Mc= 0.9 5400 400 700−84.72 e−6
Mc=1278.5 kN.m (946.1kips.ft)>𝑀𝑢=1230.3 kN.m (910.42kips.ft)ok
Use ∅25@100mm for negative moments Y−direction−top
Reinforcement
PILE FOUNDATION
 If the bearing capacity of the upper soil layers is
insufficient for a spread foundation, but firmer
strata are available at greater depth, piles are used
to transfer the loads to these deeper strata.
 Piles are generally arranged in groups or clusters,
one under each column.
APPLICATION OF PILE FOUNDATION
 The load coming from the structure is very high & the distribution
of the load on soil is uneven.
 The subsoil water level is likely to rise or fall appreciably.
 The pumping of subsoil water is too costly for keeping the
foundation trench in dry condition.
 The construction of raft foundation is likely to be very expensive
or it is likely to practically impossible.
 The piles are considered to be long when their length exceeds 30
meters.
 The structure is situated on sea shore or river bed and the
foundation is likely to adopted by the scouring action of water.
 The piles are also used as anchors. They may be designed to give
lateral support or to resist an upward pressure of uplift pressure.
PILE FOUNDATION
 PILE MATERIALS

Pre-cast
Timber Steel Pipe Steel H Concrete Concrete Composit
e
NUMBERS,PILE SPACING AND PILE ARRANGMENT

 The number of piles can be found out by dividing total weight

by net working load per pile (N = W/P)
 In general, the following formula may be used in pile spacing:

End-bearing and friction piles: S = 2.5⋅ (d) + 0.02 . L

Cohesion piles: S = 3.5⋅ (d) + 0.02 ⋅ L
where:
d = assumed pile diameter
L = assumed pile length
S = pile centre to centre distance (spacing)
PILE CAP NOMENCLATURE,DIMENSIONS,PLAN &
SECTION DETAILS
PILE SPACING AND PILE ARRANGMENT

The arrangement of piles in a foundation depends upon number

of piles to be installed in foundation. The piles should be
arranged in the most compact geometric form in order to
keep the stresses in the pile cap to minimum.
Some geometric forms are shown
PILE SPACING AND PILE ARRANGMENT
PILED RAFT FOUNDATION
The Pile Raft Foundation is a geotechnical composite construction that
combines the bearing effect of both foundation elements raft and
piles by taking into account interactions between the foundation
elements and the subsoil.
TYPES AND USES OF PILED RAFT
CASE # 1: Piled Raft adopted to reduce settlement:
In this raft foundation have enough strength, but calculated
settlement is more than allowable settlement as in hard clay soils.
In this we introduce piles to take off upto 60% of load from
superstructure so that settlement should be within allowable limit.
CASE # 2: Piled Raft adopted to Satisfy bearing Capacity Consideration:
In this bearing capacity of Raft is not enough, so piles are added to
satisfy bearing capacity. Excess load carried by the piles in this case.
CASE # 3: Piled Raft adopted to increase lateral resistance in high rise
buildings:
In high rise buildings lateral forces act due to wind and earthquake ,
this can be overcomed by using piles along with the raft
CONCEPTUAL METHOD OF DESIGN

The four quantities are involved in computations for design of

CPRF:
 Total load on the foundation

 Proportion of load shared by piles

 Settlement of raft without piles

 Reduction of settlement

 DISTRIBUTION OF PILES IN THE RAFT

 It is generally assumed that the spacing of piles is large

enough, so that pile can act independently (s > 6D)
DESIGN OF PILE CAP
Determine the size and reinforcing for a square pile cap that
supports a 16 in. square column, on 4 piles.
Given:
fc ‘= 5 ksi
fy = 60 ksi
I6 in. x 16 in. column
Dead load = D = 250 k
Live load = L = I50 k
16 x 16 in. reinforced concrete column
12 x 12 in. reinforced concrete piles.
4 each @ 5' O.C.
DESIGN OF PILE CAP
STEPS INVOLVED IN DESIGN OF PILE CAP

 Calculation of factored loads

 Shear Calculation
 Moment Calculation
 DESIGN OF PILE CAP
Step 1-Factored loads (Column loads):
Pu = I .2D + 1.6L
= 1.2(250) + I .6( 150)
= 540 k = Vu
Piles:
Pu = 540/4= 135 k = Vu
Step 2. Shear Calculation
ɸshear = 0.85
From Column:
Vn = Vu/ɸ = 540/0.85 = 635.30 k = Pncol
From Piles:
Vn= Pncol/4 = 635/4 = 159 k = Pnplie
DESIGN OF PILE CAP
Assume no shear reinforcement
Vn = Vc
Vc = (vc)(shear area)
vc ≤ 4 √ 𝑓𝑐′ = 283 psi
(two-way action)
Column load controls "d“ Try d = 29"
Shear area = 4(29+16)(29)= 5220 sq.in.
vc = 635.3/5,220 = 121.70 << 283 psi OK
Check shear at piles:
Shear area = 2( 18+6+14.5)(29) = 2233 sq.in.
vc = 159/2233 = 71.20< 283 psi OK
DESIGN OF PILE CAP
Step 3. Moment
ɸflex = 0.9
an = 4.45
𝜌min = .O0 18
𝜌max= .0214
Mu=2(135)(1.7)=459 ft-k
Bottom reinforcement
Req As = (Mu/ɸ)/(and) = (459/0.9)/[(4.45)(29)] = 3.95 sq in.
Asmin= 0.0018(8)(12)(29) = 5.01 sq.¡n.
Use 10 #7 each way
As = 6.0 in. > 5.01 OK