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S-Transform for
Time-Frequency Analysis
SKC-2009
Question: Do we live in…
Time-Domain
or
Frequency-Domain?
SKC-2009
Time Domain vs
Frequency Domain
Waveform
0.1 0.9
Time (Seconds)
Spectrum
Time
information
is lost.
8000
Frequency (HZ)
6000
4000
2000
Time (Seconds)
SKC-2009
Fourier Transform &
Short Time Fourier Transform
FourierTransform{x(t)}
i2 ft
X( f ) x(t)e dt
STFT{x(t)}
i2 ft
X( , f )
x(t)W (t )e dt
Window
SKC-2009
STFT Fourier Transform
Spectrogram{x(t)} X( , f )
2
FourierTransform{x(t)}
X( f ) X( , f )d
SKC-2009
STFT: Fixed Window, Fixed Resolution
Window Length
Frequency Resolution
Time Resolution
SKC-2009
Example (400 msec sample)
SKC-2009
(T=25 ms) Poor Frequency Resolution
SKC-2009
(T=125 ms) Fixed Resolution
SKC-2009
(T=375 ms) Fixed Resolution
SKC-2009
(T=1000 ms) Poor High
Frequency Time Resolution
SKC-2009
S-Transform &
Short Time Fourier Transform
S Transform{x(t)}
(t )2 f 2
f
i2 ft
S( , f ) x(t)e 2
e dt
2
STFT{x(t)}
i2 ft
X( , f )
x(t)W (t )e dt
SKC-2009
Gaussian Window for S-Transform
i2ft
S(, f )
x(t)W (t , f )e dt
t2 f 2
f
W (t, f ) e 2
2
Function of Frequency
SKC-2009
Gaussian Window for S-Transform
High Frequency
Time Shifted
Low Frequency
SKC-2009
X( f ) and x(t) from S(, f )
X( f ) S( , f )d
i2 ft
x(t)
S( , f )d e df
SKC-2009
Two Chirps and Two Bursts
S-T
STFT Wigner
SKC-2009
S-Transform and Wavelet Transform
Continuous Wavelet Transform{x(t)}
t
C( ,d) x(t)M(
)dt
d
C( , f ) x(t)M((t ) f )dt
t2 f 2
f
i2 ft
Mother Wavelet: M(t, f ) e 2
e
2
i2 f
S( , f ) e C( , f )
SKC-2009
S-Transform is not Wavelet Transform
Mother Wavelet does not have zero mean:
M(t, f )dt 0
Morlet’s Wavelet M(t, f ) K( f )
i2 f
S( , f ) e C( , f )
Phase Correction
SKC-2009
Generalized S-Transform
i2ft
S(, f , p)
x(t)W (t , f , p)e dt
t2 f 2
f
W (t, f , p) e 2p2
2 p
Standard Deviation Resolution
t p
1 p p Time Frequency
2 f
1 f
f p
2 p
SKC-2009
Generalized S-Transform: Bi-Gaussian
i2ft
S(, f , p)
x(t)W (t , f , p)e dt
t2 f 2
f
2
W (t, f , p) e 2 p(t )2
2 (P1 P2 )
where
P1, t 0
p(t)
P2 , t 0
SKC-2009
Generalized S-Transform: Bi-Gaussian
Sharper
Front Edge
For Arrival
Time
Sacrifice
Frequency
Resolution
SKC-2009
Generalized S-Transform: Bi-Gaussian
Sharper Arrival Time
SKC-2009
Generalized S-Transform: Your Own
i2ft
S(, f , p)
x(t)W (t , f , p)e dt
f 2 p(t )2
f 2
W (t, f , p) e 2
2 (P1 P2 )
where
P1 P2 P1 P2
p(t) (t k) (t k) 2 P32
2P1P2 2P1P2
(P1 P2 ) 2 P32
k
4P1P2
SKC-2009
Generalized S-Transform: Your Own
i2ft
S(, f , p)
x(t)W (t , f , p)e dt
Constraint:
W (t, f , p)dt 1 Or
W (t , f , p)dt 1 for all
SKC-2009
Examples - Applications
Engine Knock Pressure STFT
SKC-2009
Power Disturbance Detection
Power Disturbance Power Disturbance
Contour Contour
SKC-2009
Earthquake Detection
Noisy Signal Time-Frequency Filter
Inverse S-Transform
SKC-2009
Earthquake Seismology
Original Data
Filter 1
Filter 2
S-Filters SKC-2009
Seismic Data
Seismic
Trace S- STFT
Transform
SKC-2009
Medical: Forearm Blood Flow
Rest
Activities
Occlusion
SKC-2009
Geomagnetic Storm
Induced Current
SKC-2009
Gear Vibration Signal Decoposition
SKC-2009
Image Analysis
Original Image Dominant Frequency
SKC-2009
S-Transform
We live in Time-Frequency World.
SKC-2009