PB EXTRACTION

Zahra Zakiah/02511640000003
Arif Rahman/02511640000021
Ade Siti Fatimah/ 02511640000023
Alvia Husna Maulidia/02511640000029
Oneng Aulia/02511640000034
Laras Refsita Dewanti/ 02511640000050
Aditya Baskoro Aji/02511640000084
Iqbal Maulana Affandi /02511640000103
 What Is Lead?
• Lead (/ˈlɛd/) is a chemical element with symbol Pb (from the Latin plumbum) and atomic numbe82. It is a heavy
metal that is denserthan most common materials. Lead is soft and malleable, and also has a relatively low melting
point. When freshly cut, lead is silvery with a hint of bluer ; it tarnishes to a dull gray color when exposed to air. Lead has
the highest atomic number of any stable element and three of its isotopes are endpoints of major nuclear decay
chains of heavier elements.
Physical properties
Phase at STP solid
Melting point 600.61 K (327.46 °C, 621.43 °
F)
Boiling point 2022 K (1749 °C, 3180 °F)
3
Density (near r.t.) 11.34 g/cm
3
when liquid (at m.p.) 10.66 g/cm
Heat of fusion 4.77 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization 179.5 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity 26.650 J/(mol·K
 Main source of Lead
There are a host of different naturally occurring minerals which contain
lead, the most important ore (mineral suitable for the extraction of the
metal) is:
• Galena (lead sulphide, PbS);
• Other ores include
- cerrusite (lead carbonate, PbCO3) and;
- anglesite (lead sulphate, PbSO4),
which are generally found in small amounts nearer the surface of sulphide
deposits. Lead-rich minerals frequently occur together with other metals,
particularly silver, zinc, copper and sometimes gold. Thus lead is also a
coproduct of zinc, copper and silver production making the extraction of
lead more economic than if it occurred in isolation.
Application of Lead (Pb)
 Percetage Pb inside ores
• Lead (Pb) is known native but is of exceedingly rare occurence. Lead is the lithophil element in a
large number of rock forming minerals and is usually mined from rich veins of massive galena as
(PbS). Lead occurs as the sulphide in galena (PbS), sulphate in anglesite (PbSO.), carbonate in
cerussite (PbCO,). The principal ores of lead are galena, anglesite and cerussite. The percent of
lead in these three minerals are summarized in Table below.

Type of Ore Chemical Formula % of Lead (Pb)

Galena PbS 86.6

Cerussite PbCO3 77.5

Anglesite PbSO4 68.3

Pb reserves
worldwide
as 2018, by
country (in
million
metric tons)
Distribution The lead resources in the world are mainly distributed in:
Siberia, Russia in Europe; central and western regions

of Pb of China in Asia; Queensland, Broken Hill , Elura and

Woodlawn (New South Wales), Tasmania, and North

production Bay, MacArthur River in Australia; the southeastern

area of Missouri and Mississippi River valley area in the

in the world US, and Zacatecas and San Luis Potos in Mexico within
North America; and Cerrode Pasco and Morococha in
Peru, South America.
Distribution • In terms of refined production of lead, China is the
single largest producer with about 44.3% share

of Pb followed by U.S. with about 12.4% share, India and

South Korea with about 4.3% share each.

refined
Production
in the world
In 2017, Canada ranked eighth in world production of refined lead, which reached 11 million tonnes globally.
China was the largest producer, with 4.7 million tonnes of refined lead, which accounted for over 40% of the
global production.
Find out more about global mined and refined lead production:
 General
flowchart
Concentration Once the ore is removed from veins (narrow channels) or
lodes (roughly spherical deposits) in the Earth, usually at
depths of about 60 metres, the ore is treated at
concentrating mills. Here the ore is finely crushed,
sometimes to particle diameters of less than 0.1
millimetre (0.004 inch), and then treated by one of several
mineral concentration processes. Such processes are
designed to remove as much as possible of the waste
rock, known as gangue.
Floatation Flotation separation generally is used for sulfide ores. In
this process, the finely crushed ore is diluted with water
and agitated violently with air in a tank to which 1
percent pine oil or other suitable chemicals have been
added. The sulfide particles attach themselves to the
chemicals, and, when the air is bubbled into the mixture,
an oily froth containing most of the
metallic constituents of the ore floats to the top while the
mostly valueless gangue sinks to the bottom.
Roasting
A major and primary Lead mineral is galena
(PbS) which comprises of 86.6% of lead. In order to smelt
this mineral, a blast furnace is needed to be used. A blast
furnace is an enormous oven which is used to accomplish
the smelting processes. The process in which galena is
smelted requires two important chemical reactions to
occur within the furnace.
1) The galena is roasted (reacts with O2) in order to
remove the sulfur component of the metal sulfide.
Roasting is a method where a sulfide ore (i.e an ore
containing PbS) is heated in air which converts the metal
sulfide to either a metal oxide or a metal itself.
2PbS(s) + 3O2 (g) → 2PbO(s) + 2SO2 (g)
Sulfur dioxide gas can then be cleaned and used to make
sulfuric acid.
2) The newly formed Lead (II) Oxide subsequently reacts
with coke to attain refined Lead. Coke is a pure form of
coal that contains carbon and is essential in the extraction
of metals from their oxides.
2PbO + C → 2Pb + CO2
Sintering The lead(II) oxide is heated and made into lumps,
a process known as sintering. The lumps (the sinter) are
crushed and sorted to a suitable size for subsequent
treatment in a blast furnace, similar in construction to
those for making iron but smaller.
Smelting First of all, the ore must be concentrated to
separate the lead ore from the zinc ore, for example. It
turns out to be possible to do this with flotation. A
substance is added that wets the zinc ore, allowing it to
sink to the bottom, but does not wet the galena, allowing
it to be caught up in a foam that floats on the surface of
the water. The result is not just lead sulphide, but also the
sulphides of copper, iron, zinc, antimony and arsenic. The
enriched ore is then roasted in ovens to drive off as much
of the sulphur as possible. The roasted ore must be
ground and sintered to put it in the form of porous chunks
that allow gases to pass through freely, and will not
collapse into a thick, impervious layer in the blast furnace.
Lead ores are such that these two operations are best
combined into one simultaneous roasting-sintering
process that produces a sinter ready for the lead blast
furnace.
 The second stage of smelting can take place in an ore hearth, or a larger blast furnace. The
sintered ore is charged, with coke, limestone flux, and other additives depending on the impurities
present. The products that accumulate at the bottom are lead, matte (containing iron and copper),
speiss (containing iron and arsenic), and slag (containing the silicates, zinc, iron and calcium). Cold
air is blown in at the bottom, and flue dust and gases come out the top. The lead bullion from
Mississippi valley ores is called "soft" lead and is pure enough for most uses without further
treatment. The other by-products are treated to separate their valuable constituents. Zinc,
incidentally, does not dissolve in molten lead, and can be added to extract impurities by differential
solubility.
Smelting Reaction

• 1) Due to the sulfur content, carbon from the coke will not be able to reduce lead. Therefore, the
mineral must be roasted to oxidize sulfur and create a metal oxide out of galena.

• 2) Raw ore is then added to the products and is heated further.

Refining • The molten lead as it comes from the blast furnace is
from 95-98% pure. It must be further refined to
remove impurities, because commercial lead must be
99-99.999% pure.
• To remove and recover remaining impurities from lead
bullion, either pyrometallurgical or electrolytic refining
is used; the choice between the two methods is
dictated by the amount of bismuth that must be
eliminated from the bullion and by the availability and
cost of energy.
The Parkes • The Parkes zinc-desilvering process is the most widely
used pyrometallurgical method of refining lead bullion.

zinc- • Process :
 As in smelting, the lead is first melted and again
desilvering allowed to cool below the freezing point of copper,

process
which crystallizes and, along with any remaining nickel,
cobalt, and zinc, is removed by skimming.
 The lead mix then passes to a reverberatory
“softening” furnace, where the temperature is raised
and the molten lead is stirred. A blast of air oxidizes
any remaining antimony or arsenic, both of which
harden lead (hence the term softening furnace), and
these are skimmed off to be recovered later.
• After softening, the lead goes to desilvering kettles,
where small quantities (less than 1 percent by weight)
of zinc are added. With stirring, the molten zinc reacts
to form compounds with gold and silver, both of which
are more soluble in zinc than in lead.
• The compounds are lighter than the lead, so that, on
cooling to below 370 °C (700 °F) but above the melting
point of lead, they form a crust that is removed and
taken to a parting plant for recovery of
the precious metals.
• The remaining zinc is then removed by reheating the
molten lead to 500 °C (1,100 °F) and creating a vacuum
over the surface. The zinc vaporizes, and the vapour is
condensed as metal on the cool dome of the vacuum
vessel, where it is collected for reuse.
The Harris • The Harris process of softening and dezincing is
designed to remove impurities from desilvered lead by

process stirring a mixture of molten caustic salts at a

temperature of 450–500 °C (840–930 °F) into the
molten lead. Metallic impurities react with the
chemicals and are collected in the form of their oxides
or oxysalts.
• Process :
• The Harris process removes arsenic, antimony and tin
by oxidation with sodium nitrate and reaction with
sodium hydroxide to form sodium arsenite, sodium
antimonite and sodium stannate, which form a molten
salt solution in excess sodium hydroxide. Sodium
chloride can be added to extend the solvent
The Betterto • Lead bullion containing more than 0.1 percent bismuth
can be purified by the Betterton-Kroll process, which

n-Kroll usually follows softening, desilvering, and dezincing

and involves treatment of the melt with calcium and

process magnesium.
• Bismuth unites with these metals to form compounds
that rise to the surface, which may be expressed as a
combination of the two separate compounds –
Ca3Bi2.2Mg3Bi2 (or 3CaMg2Bi2) The compounds are
skimmed off and treated for recovery of bismuth, a
valuable by-product.
• The Betterton-Kroll process produces a refined lead
with bismuth contents of 0.005 to 0.01 percent.
Electrolytic • When a refined lead of higher purity is required, or
when a lead bullion high in bismuth has to be refined,

Refining employment is made of electrolytic refining. This

process is costly, but it has the major advantage of
separating lead from every impurity except tin in one
vessel or one stage, and it does so without emitting
lead-bearing fumes or gases. The bullion is cast into
large plates, which are hung as anodes in electrolytic
tanks where they dissolve. Pure lead is deposited on a
thin sheet of lead that serves as the cathode. Impurities
left behind can be recovered by many complex
operations.
Product Lead is sold as soft lead, 99.90% pure, common
lead (lead that has been desilvered), 99.85% pure, and
corroding lead (for paint), 99.94% pure. Hard lead is
alloyed with 6%-18% antimony, which increases the
strength of the lead. The addition of only 1% Sb or 3% Sn
increases the strength by 50%. Hard lead is used for
battery plates. Terne plate is heavy sheet steel coated
with a lead-tin alloy. 75-25 and 50-50 Pb-Sn alloys are
used.
By-product For the typical lead smelter the principal by-
products will be silver and gold, copper dross, sulfuric acid
and antimony metal, usually in the form of antimonial
lead alloy. Other possibilities are arsenic compounds and
zinc oxide if slag fuming facilities are installed.
Antimonial-lead alloys are the main additional
by-product, but returns depend on local demand and the
particular alloys required, and are difficult to quantify in a
general way. With the popularity of calcium–lead alloys
for sealed, maintenance free batteries, the price of
antimonial alloys declined, but has resurged due to
increased demand for specialised batteries. Clearly this
market is quite volatile.
In some instances other by-products such as
tellurium, tin, bismuth, germanium and selenium can
provide valuable returns to the smelter, but this is
unusual.
References • https://www.world-bureau.com/readnews.asp?id=61
• http://www.commoditiescontrol.com/eagritrader/com
modityknowledge/lead/lead.htm
• https://www.statista.com/statistics/797542/refined-
lead-production-worldwide-by-type/
• https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/mining-
materials/facts/lead/20518
• https://www.statista.com/search/?q=Refined+lead+pro
duction+worldwide&Search=&qKat=search
• https://www.ila-
lead.org/UserFiles/File/factbook/chapter4.pdf
• https://www.intechopen.com/books/sintering-
applications/lead-and-zinc-sintering
• http://metalpedia.asianmetal.com/metal/lead/extracti
on.shtml
• file:///E:/Assignment/Semester%206/Ekstraksi%20dan
%20Proses%20Pemurnian/28054412.pdf
• http://www.commoditiescontrol.com/eagritrader/com
modityknowledge/lead/lead.html
• http://metalpedia.asianmetal.com/metal/lead/resource
s&production.shtml