ANALYSIS OF FDMA AND

TDMA TECHNIQUES IN
SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
PREPARED BY:
• ANILA SAGHHIR (TC-06)
• SAIRA MUNEER (TC-20)
SUBMITTED TO: SIR AMIR ZAIB
MOTIVATION

 In the world of modern communications, the need to manage

multiple messages, data, streams, and processes
simultaneously, provides critical capability in meeting the
needs of widespread business and consumer demand
 As the spectrum is limited, so the sharing is required to increase
the capacity of system
 Bandwidth and power are scarce resources of satellite which
need to be used efficiently
MOTIVATION (Cont…)

 Being able to connect with multiple terminals simultaneously

allows faster and more widespread access, data sharing, and
communication
 And this must be done in a way such that the quality of service
doesn’t degrade within the existing users
 Multiple access techniques are used to allow a large number of
ES to share the allocated spectrum in the most efficient manner
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION

 Satellite Multiple Accessing means more than one users/earth

stations can access to one or more Radio Channels
(Transponders) on board
 Usually A transponder channel aboard a satellite may be fully
loaded by a single transmission from an earth station
 But it is also possible, and more common, for a transponder to
be loaded by a number of carriers
TYPES OF MULTIPLE ACCESS METHODS

 Following are the commonly used methods of multiple access

 Frequency- division multiple access (FDMA)
 Time-division multiple access (TDMA)
 Code-division multiple access (CDMA)
 Multiple access also may be further classified
 Pre-Assignment

 Demand Assignment
FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLE
ACCESS (FDMA)

 Satellite transponder frequency is broken into

bands, and is broken into smaller channels in
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
 Overall bandwidth within a frequency band is
increased due to frequency reuse
 Because of inter channel interference, it is
necessary to provide guard intervals between
each band occupied by a carrier
 TIME DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS
(TDMA)

 TDMA is a scheme which is more suitable for

digital systems.
 In TDMA all concerned Earth stations use the
same carrier RF and bandwidth with time sharing
and non‐overlapping intervals called bursts,
which contain buffered information.
 The satellite receives these bursts sequentially,
without overlapping interference and is then
able to retransmit them to the SES terminal.
CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS
(CDMA)

 The modern CDMA solution is based on the use of

the modulation technique also known as Spread
Spectrum Multiple Access (SSMA), which means
that it spreads the information contained in a
particular signal of interest over a much greater
bandwidth than the original signal
 In this MA scheme the resources of both
frequency bandwidth and time are shared by all
users employing orthogonal codes.
PROBLEM
FDMA IS
FORMULATION
BANDWIDTH
LIMITED
FDMA IS BANDWIDTH LIMITED

 A transponder will have a total bandwidth BTR, and it is apparent

that this can impose a limitation on the number of carriers which
can access the transponder in an FDMA mode
K=Btr/B
 Where,
 K=number of Carriers
 Btr= Transponder Bandwidth
 B=Individual Carriers Bandwidth
SIMULATIONS FDMA IS
AND RESULTS BANDWIDTH
LIMITED
PLOT (NUMBER OF CARRIERS V/S BW PER
CARRIER)
8
x 10 OFDMA as Bandwidth Limited system
10

Bandwidth per carrier (Hz)

7

0
0 5 10 15 20
Number of Carriers
RESULT

 Any increase in the number of carriers will decreases the

bandwidth per carrier, and the system is said to be bandwidth-
limited
 Likewise, for digital systems, the bit rate is determined by the
bandwidth, which again will be limited to some maximum value
by BTR
 But in TDMA Each ES burst occupies the whole carrier bandwidth
 EFFECT OF
PROBLEM
INTER
FORMULATION
MODULATION
PRODUCT IN
FDMA
EFFECT OF INTER MODULATION
PRODUCT IN FDMA

 When the satellite Transmitter is

operating close to its saturation,
nonlinear amplification intermodulation
(IM) products are produced, which
may cause interference in the signals
of other users
 To reduce the effect of intermodulation
products Back off is implied which limits
the power capacity
 EFFECT OF
SIMULATIONS INTER
AND RESULTS MODULATION
PRODUCT IN
FDMA
PLOT (INPUT BACK OFF V/S C/NO)

Effect of Inter Modulation Products on C/N0

86

84

C/No (db) 82

80

78

76

74

72
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Input Back off (db)
RESULT

 By increasing the number of carries in OFDMA, Input back off

increases which decreases the Carrier to noise ratio of both
uplink and downlink in direct proportion. So the system
capacity decreases
 But in TDMA Since only one TDMA burst occupies the full RF
bandwidth of the satellite transponder at a time, input back off,
which is needed to reduce IM interference in FDMA, is not
necessary in TDMA
 This results in a significant increase in channel capacity
 COMPARISON
PROBLEM OF UPLINK
FORMULATION POWER
REQUIREMENTS
FOR FDMA
AND TDMA
 COMPARISON OF UPLINK POWER
REQUIREMENTS FOR FDMA AND TDMA

 With frequency-division
multiple access, the
modulated carriers at the
input to the satellite are
retransmitted from the
satellite as a combined
frequency-division-
multiplexed signal. Each
carrier retains its modulation,
which may be analog or
digital.
 COMPARISON OF UPLINK POWER
REQUIREMENTS FOR FDMA AND TDMA

 With time-division multiple access,

the uplink bursts which are
displaced in time from one another
are retransmitted from the satellite
as a combined time-division-
multiplexed signal
 the TDMA earth stations have to
transmit at a higher bit rate
compared with FDMA, so a higher
[EIRP] is required
 COMPARISON
SIMULATIONS OF UPLINK
AND RESULTS POWER
REQUIREMENTS
FOR FDMA
AND TDMA
PLOT (TRANSMISSION RATE V/S
TRANSMITTED POWER FOR UPLINK)

25
Fdma
tdma
20

transmitted power in W
15

10

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Transmission rate in b/sec 5
x 10
RESULT

 The graph shows that for equal values of Eb/No, TDMA uplink
system requires more transmitted power than FDMA uplink
system
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION

 In this report some of the advantages and disadvantages of TDMA and FDMA
are discussed
 TDMA allows the utilization of all the advantages of digital techniques. Then it
is used as a base to be combined with other multiple access techniques,
among them the FDMA
 For small satellite business systems it is desirable to be able to operate with
relatively small earth stations, which suggests that FDMA should be the mode
of operation. On the other hand, TDMA permits more efficient use of the
satellite transponder by eliminating the need for back off
 So The choice between TDMA and FDMA will depend on the specific
application
“
Thank You
”