ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES,

PROCEDURES AND
REQUIREMENTS
• Engr. Yul Antonio R. Almayda
• Engr. III, WAMSMS
AIR QUALITY SAMPLING
 OBJECTIVES
• Establish a detailed sampling procedure in
line with the principles, policies and
guidelines of RA8749-Philippine Clean
Air Act.
• To serve as a baseline data in air quality
monitoring
* TO PROTECT THE PUBLIC HEALTH AND PUBLIC
WELFARE FROM THE GENERATION OF HARMFUL
AIR POLLUTANTS

* TO REGULATE AIR EMISSIONS OF IDENTIFIED

SOURCES OF POLLUTION

* TO SERVE AS BASIS IN THE IMPOSITION

OF FINES AND PENALTIES
AMBIENT AIR QUALITY

• refers to atmosphere average purity in a

broad area as distinguished from
discharge measurement taken at the
source of pollution or present
characteristics or nature of surrounding
atmosphere.
THREE MAJOR SOURCES OF POLLUTION
THAT AFFECT THE AMBIENT AIR QUALITY

1. AREA SOURCES
2. STATIONARY SOURCES
3. MOBILE SOURCES
Area sources refers to large areas
of specific activities that generate
significant amounts of air pollutants.
These include busy roads, construction
sites, forest fires, burning wastes,
residential fuel burning, and similar
dispersed sources.
Stationary sources means any
building or immobile structure,
facility or installation which emits or
may emit any air pollutant.

Example
Power and industrial plants, factories
and other manufacturing facilities
Mobile sources refers to any
vehicle propelled by or through
combustion of carbon based or other
fuel, constructed and operated
personally in the conveyance of
persons or the transportation of
property or goods.

ex. Motorcycle, automobiles

 LTO Motor Vehicle Registration
CY 2014

• a total of 282,284 motor vehicles registered in

Bicol Region in 2014

• highest registration occured in Legazpi City with

a total of 86,557.

method of air quality testing

• METHODS OF AIR QUALITY TESTING

1. SOURCE EMISSION TESTING - taken at the source itself

a. Stack Emission Testing (Large Industries)

b. Mobile Emission Testing (Private Emission Testing Center)

2. AMBIENT AIR SAMPLING - taken at a measurable distance

away from the source
PARAMETER BEING TESTED
AMBIENT AIR SAMPLING
a. Particulates - High Volume Sampler
b. Sulfur Oxides - Pararosaniline Method
c. Nitrogen Oxides - Greiss Saltzman Method

SOURCE EMISSION
a. Particulates - Stack Testing Equipment (Method 5)
b. Sulfur Oxides - Stack Testing Equipment (Method 6)
c. Nitrogen Oxides - Stack Testing Equipment (Method 7)
d. Carbon Monoxide - Stack Testing Equipment (Method 10)
 AIR POLLUTION
• Any alteration of the physical, chemical
and biological properties of the
atmospheric air

• any discharge of any liquid, gaseous,

solid substances that will render the air
resources of the country detrimental,
harmful or injurious to public health.
PARTICULATE MATTER(PM)
fine ,tiny particles in solid or liquid
form Suspended in a gas molecules

microscopic solid/ liquid present in earths

atmosphere.
OZONE (03) -Formed thru the
reaction of sunlight on air
containing hydrocarbons
and nitrogen oxides
 POLLUTANTS RELEASED FROM
DIFFERENT SOURCES

AREA SOURCES – EMISSION OF PM, SOX,

NOX, CO, VOC

STATIONARY SOURCES – EMISSION OF PM,SOX,

NOX, CO, VOC

MOBILE SOURCES – EMISSION OF CO AND

HYDROCARBONS
AREA SOURCES -- GENERATION OF PARTICULATES , SOX, NOX
 HEALTH EFFECTS

Dust and particulate

matter that is smaller than
2.5 micrometers (PM2.5)
can enter into the Alveoli
where gas exchange
occurs.
PM2.5 is more dangerous as it
can affect the exchange of
gases within the lungs and even
penetrate the lung into the
blood stream and cause other
health issues.
 Common Air Pollutants and their Health Effect
Pollutant Sources
Particulate Matter, Particulates are directly emitted through
measures as TSP, dust and combustion processes, including
PM10 and PM2.5 vehicular exhaust, burning of fossil fuels
and burning of waste, or indirectly from
reactions of other pollutants (e.g, SO2 or
NO2)
Common Health Impact
Reduced lung function;
inflammation of the lungs;
increases susceptibility to
respiratory infections; aggravation
of heart and lung diseases; may
cause chronic bronchitis and lung
cancer

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Vehicular emissions, combustion of fossil Breathing difficulties, eye irritation,
fuel (coal and heavy oils), industrial chest tightness, especially among
emissions asthma sufferers, aggravation of
heart and lung diseases

Nitrogen Oxide (NO2) Vehicular emissions resulting from high Irritation of the respiratory tract;
temperature combustion increased susceptibility to
respiratory infection; impaired lung
function
 Common Air Pollutants and their Health Effect
Pollutant Sources Common Health Impact
Carbon Monoxide Vehicular emissions resulting from Headaches; dizziness; chest pains,
(CO) incomplete combustion among those suffering from
cardiovascular diseases
Volatile Organic Vehicular emissions and biomass burning Irritation of the eyes, nose and
Compounds (VOC) throat; headaches, nausea, and
loss of coordination; in the long
term, some VOCs are suspected to
cause cancer and liver damage

Ground Level Ozone Reaction of NO2 and VOCs in the Itchiness and burning of the eyes;
(03) presence of heat and sunlight irritation and inflammation of the
lungs; breathing difficulty;
increases susceptibility to
respiratory infections

Poly-aromatic Combustion processes, including solid fuel use Long-term exposure can lead to cancer;
hydrocarbons in households; tobacco smoke; vehicular and affects reproductive system, liver, lungs
industrial emissions and skin
AIR SAMPLING EQUIPMENT
CONVENTIONAL TYPE

FOR AMBIENT MONITORING AND STACK TESTING

For AREA SOURCES
EQUPMENT USED - HIGH VOLUME SAMPLER
POLLUTANT - TSP, PM10
SOURCE - CONSTRUCTION SITE, FOREST FIRES,
INDUSTRIAL AREA, BUSY ROADWAYS

SAMPLING RESULT - AFTER 3 DAYS

HIGH VOLUME SAMPLER

SAMPLING RESULT - AFTER 3 DAYS

 SPM

24-HR High Volume Sampler

High Volume Sampler is the most filter
common and widely used dust
sampler for ambient air. Ambient air
is drawn through a glass fiber filter Air intake
at a flow rate of 1.1 to 1.7m3/min
over a period of 24 hours The
sampled dust is called Total
Suspended Particulate (TSP).
 SPM

Air intake

filter

High volume sampler operates

by the principle of filtration
which uses suction blowers
equipped with flow control
devices to determine the volume
of air passing through the filter
medium.
1-HR High volume sampler
 Tri Gas Sampler ( for NO2 and SO2)

Air intake

0.2 li. / min

Air exit
 Sampling Method for SO2(ambient)

• Sulfur dioxide in Ambient Air is collected

into a solution of Sodium
Tetrachloromercurate by aspirating air thru
an impinger and treated in the laboratory
with formaldehyde and especially purified
acid-bleached pararosaniline containing
phosphoric acid to control the ph.
Sampling Method for NO2(ambient)

• Nitrogen dioxide in ambient air is

analyzed using Griess Saltzman
Reaction Method. NO2 is absorbed
in an Azo-dye forming reagent
which produces a stable red-violet
color and read by a spectrometer at
550nm in the UV range
Sampling Site Selection
(Ambient Monitoring only)

• At least 2 meters above ground level

• at the property line, or
• downwind distance of 5 to 20 times
the stack height, whichever is more
stringent.
 METHODS OF AMBIENT
AIR QUALITY SAMPLING

1. 2 point source (upwind and downwind)

2. 4 point source (quadrant)

 TWO POINT SOURCE SAMPLING

STATION 1
STATION 2
 QUADRANT SAMPLING
STATION 4
STATION 1

STATION 2
STATION 3
MOBILE SOURCES TEST EQUIPMENT
EQUIPMENT – AUTOMOTIVE OPACITY METER
POLLUTANT - CARBON MONOXIDE
SOURCE - DIESEL ENGINE VEHICLES

SAMPLING RESULT- 10 SECONDS AFTER THE TEST

 ROADSIDE MONITORING

ANTI-SMOKE BELCHING OPERATION

STATIONARY SOURCES TEST EQUIPMENT
EQUIPMENT – STACK TESTING EQUIPMENT/
ISOKINETIC SAMPLING EQUIPMENT
POLLUTANTS – PM,CO, NOX,SOX, VOC
SOURCES - INDUSTRIAL PLANT, REFINERY,POWER
PLANT, MANUFACTURING PLANT

SAMPLING RESULT – 10-20 WORKING DAYS

 TEST CONDUCTED

STACK TESTING
NEW AIR SAMPLING
EQUIPMENT

• AMBIENT MONITORING
D O A S
DIFFERENTIAL OPTICAL ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY
A PROCESS WHEREIN GASEOUS SUBSTANCE
SUSPENDED IN AMBIENT AIR, SHOW SPECIFIC
ABSORPTION SPECTRA ONCE A HIGH PRESSURE
LIGHT BEAM IS DIRECTED TO A RECEIVER. THIS
PROCESS IS USED TO MEASURE
CONCENTRATION OF TRACE GASES SUCH AS
OZONE(O3), NITROGEN OXIDE(NOX), SULPHUR
OXIDE(SOX) AND VOLATILE ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS(VOC).
Passive - use the sun as their light source
Active - The active DOAS system such as longpath(LP)-systems and
cavity-enhanced(CE) DOAS systems have their own light-source
COMPONENTS OF OPEN PATH
DOAS
Opsis AQM system
Receiver Emitter

Power supply
Opsis AQM system
Receiver Emitter

Power supply

Optical fibre cable

Opsher

Analyser
 Opsis AQM system
Receiver Emitter

Power supply

Optical fibre cable

Opsher
Io256
IoMan
Analyser

Analogue/Digital
input/output
signals
 Opsis AQM system
Receiver Emitter

Power supply

Optical fibre cable

Opsher
Io256
IoMan
Analyser

Analogue/Digital
input/output
signals
TEOM
API
SM200
Odessa
…
 Opsis AQM system
Receiver Emitter

Power supply

Optical fibre cable

Opsher
Io256
IoMan
Analyser

Analogue/Digital Phone
input/output line
signals
TEOM
API
SM200 Public
Odessa network
…
EnviMan
 System Schematic

Receiver Fibre optic cable Emitter

Analyser
Grating Spectrometer
Rapid scanning
device

Detector

HDD

A/D Converter Computer Modem

 MONITORING PATH OPTO-FIBER RECEIVER
EMITTER
GRATING SET
High Pressure
RAPID SCANNING
Xenon Lamp
GRATING DEVICE
MIRROR DETECTOR
SPECTROMETER

DATA
STORAGE COMPUTER

A/D
MONITOR
CONVERTER
The Opsis technique

O3 SO2 NO2

O3 SO2 NO2

Differential
Optical
Analyser Absorption
Spectroscopy
DOAS (AR500) GAS ANALYZER
DOAS DATA MONITOR
LOCATION OF EMITTER AND RECEIVER
RECEIVER EMITTER
OPTO-FIBER
PARAMETERS MEASURED BY DOAS

Sulfur Oxide Nitrogen Oxide

Volatile Organic Compound

Hydrocarbons
Benzene
Toluene Ozone
P-xylene
PARTICULATE MONITORING SYSTEM
(ambient monitoring)

TEOM - TAPERED ELEMENT OSCILLATING MICROBALANCE

BAM - BETA ATTENUATION MONITOR

SHARP - SYNCHRONIZED HYBRID AMBIENT REAL-TIME

PARTICULATE MONITOR
TEOM is a gravimetric instrument that
draws ambient air through two filters at a
constant flow rate, continuously weighing
the filter and calculating near real-time mass
concentration of both PM2.5 and PM10
particulate matter.
AIR will flow to a
mass transducer
(TEOM)
The tapered element, is in essence, a hollow
cantilever beam with an associated spring
rate and mass.
Is similar to a laboratory microbalance in that
the mass change detected by the sensor is the
result of the measurement of a change in a
parameter that is directly coupled via
physical law.
TEOM PARTICULATE MONITORING INSTRUMENT
AIR INLET
VIRTUAL IMPACTOR

TEMP/RH
SENSOR

FLOW SPLITTER
SAMPLE TUBE
AIR QUALITY MONITORING STATION
STATIONARY SOURCES
TEST EQUIPMENT
C-ONTINUOUS
E-MISSION
M-ONITORING
S-YSTEM

A real-time Air quality monitoring System exclusively designed for

monitoring of Smoke Stack in Industrial and Power Plants and other
manufacturing facilities having the potential to emit more than
750 tons of regulated pollutants(PM,NOX/SOX/CO/VOC) per year.
DAO 2007-22
GUIDELINES ON THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR CONTINOUS EMISSION MONITORING
SYSTEM
• Existing major industries with individual
sources having the potential to emit at least
750 tons/year any of the regulated pollutants
listed in Section 4 or Rule IX of DAO 2000-81
measured after a pollution control installation.

Are required to install CEMS and COMS

Section 3 (B) - Coverage
Predictive or Parametric Emissions
Monitoring System (PEMS)
• All sources with potential to emit more than
100 tons/year but less than 750 tons after
the air pollution control installation may
utilize a PEMS. Provided that sources with
existing CEMS/COMS have the option to
continue CEMS/COMS operation or shift to
PEMS subject to the approval of the
Bureau.
Section 4. Exemptions
• The following air emission
sources/facilities are exempted from
Section 3 (A) and (B):
– Standby, emergency, seasonal, and
intermittently operating facilities that
operate less than 500 hours/year.
– MSME facilities or support facilities that
are dedicated to the operation of such
MSMEs such as but not limited to own-
power generating plant.
Section 4. Exemptions

– Refinery flares, as well as flares for volatile

organic compounds (VOC), unless a
specific provision requires CEMS or an
alternate System for VOC is required by
EMB-CO and/or its Regional Offices, under
certain circumstances that warrants its
installation and operation.
 PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM

REAL-TIME MONITORING SYSTEM FOR

STATIONARY SOURCES
Opsis CEM system

Stack

RE060 EM060
PS150
Opsis CEM system
Stack

Stack

RE060 EM060
PS150

Optical
fiber

AR600

Analyser
Opsis CEM system
Stack

Stack

RE060 EM060 RE060 EM060

PS150 PS150
Optical
Optical fiber
fiber
MX004 Multiplexer
Multiplexer

AR600
Analyser
Analyser
 Opsis CEM system
Sensors
Sensors
O2O2

Dust
Dust Stack
Temp
Temp
RE060 EM060 RE060 EM060
PS150 PS150
Optical
Optical fiber
fiber
MX004 Multiplexer
Multiplexer
Analogue/Digital
inputs

AR6000
Analogue/ Analyser
Analyser
Digital
outputs
IOMan
Input/Output
signal interface
 Opsis CEM system
Sensors
O2 Stack
Dust
Temp
RE060 EM060 RE060 EM060
PS150 PS150

Optical
MX004 Multiplexer
fiber
Analogue/Digital
inputs EnviMan Server/Client

AR600
Analyser
Analogue/
Digital
Direct / Phone line
outputs
IOMan
Input/Output
signal interface
AR 600/AR 650 System Configuration

PW 061 PW 061
Purge air Purge air
cassette cassette
EM 060 RE 062
Emitter Receiver

HCl, CO, HF NO, NO2,

CH4, N2O SO2
H2O, CO2 etc. Hg, NH3 etc.

OF 100B OF 060R
Fibre optic Fibre optic
PS 150
Power cable cable
supply AR 650 AR 600
Analyser Analyser

AC 180
Air-conditioned Cabinet
The Opsis technique

O3 SO2 NO2

O3 SO2 NO2

Differential
Optical
Analyser Absorption
Spectroscopy
SAMPLING RESULT COMPARISON
PARTICULATE MATTER CONCENTRATION

HIGH-VOL SAMPLER VS PMS/ TEOM

2-3 DAYS TIME REAL TIME

SAMPLING RESULT COMPARISON
AMBIENT SOX/ NOX CONCENTRATION

TRI-GAS SAMPLER VS DOAS

10-20 DAYS TIME REAL-TIME

 1.5CM DIAMETER
FILTER COMPARISON

FILTER FOR TEOM

8 INCHES
GLASS MICROFIBER FILTER
PAPER FOR HIGH VOL SAMPLER

10 INCHES
 STATIONARY SOURCE
(INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION)

STACK TESTING
EQUIPMENT vs CEMS/COMS

10 - 20 DAYS REAL-TIME
 National Ambient Air Quality Standards
for Source Specific Air Pollutants for
Industrial Sources

Pollutants Standard Averaging time

mg/Ncm
Total Suspended 300 1 hour
Particulate (TSP) 230 24 hours
Nitrogen Dioxide 375 30 min
(NO2) 260 60 min
Sulfur Dioxide 470 30 min
(SO2) 340 60 min
 National Emission Standards for
Source Specific Air Pollutants
Pollutants Standard Method of Sampling
mg/Ncm
Particulate Matter 150 USEPA Methods 1 through 5
(PM)
Nitrogen Dioxide 2000d USEPA Methods 1 through 4
(NO2) 1500a/1000b/500c and Method 7
Sulfur Dioxide 1500* USEPA Methods 1 through 4
(SO2) 700** and 6/8
Carbon Monoxide 500 USEPA Method 10

a = existing source (steam generators).

b = new source. Coal-fired steam generators.
c = new source. Oil-fired steam generators.
d = diesel-powered electricity generators.
* = existing source. Fuel burning equipment.
** = new source. Fuel burning equipment.
NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY GUIDLINE VALUES
Pollutants ug/Ncm Ppm Averaging time

Particulate matter
TSP 230 24 hr
PM10 150 24 hr

Sulphur Dioxide 180 0.07 24 hrs

Nitrogen Dioxide 150 0.08 24 hrs

Ozone 60 0.03 8 hrs

Carbon Monoxide 10 mg/Ncm 9 8 hrs

 Section 5: National Ambient Air Quality
Guideline Values (NAAQGV)
Pollutant Short term (1) Long term (2) Implementation
Period

PM 2.5 µg/Ncu.m. Averaging µg/Ncu.m. Averaging

Time Time

75 (3) 24 hours 35 (3) 1 year Upon effectivity

date of the DAO
until December
31, 2015

50 (3) 24 hours 25 (3) 1 year January 1, 2016

(1) Max. Limits presented by 98% values not to be exceeded more

than once a year
(2) Annual Geometric Mean
(3) These are provisional guideline values and shall be reviewed yearly
to determine the course of action required or the next step. 86
 PARTICULATE MATTER
Total Suspended Particulates (24hr average)

Good 0-80

Fair 81 – 230

Unhealthy for sensitive

groups 231 – 349

Very Unhealthy 350 – 599

Acutely Unhealthy 600 – 899

Emergency 900 – and above

 PM 10 ( 24 HOUR)
Good 0-54

Fair 55 – 154

Unhealthy for sensitive

groups 155 – 254

Very Unhealthy 255 – 354

Acutely Unhealthy 355 – 424

Emergency 425 – 504

 CENTRAL
MONITORING
STATION
DATA ARE ACCESSIBLE
THRU INTERNET
DOAS

DOAS
THANK YOU
www.emb.gov.ph
9284430 (AQMS telefax)