HEng3141

SEWAGE DISPOSAL
AND TREATMENT
1
 Lecture One
INTRODUCTION TO BASICS of
WASTEWATER, SANITATION and
DRAINAGE
 Introduction

• Water Use Cycle

 Wastewater
• Is simply that part of the water supply to the community or to the industry which
has been used for different purposes and has been mixed with solids either
suspended or dissolved.
• Wastewater is 99.9% water and 0.1% solids.
• The main task in treating the wastewater is simply to remove most or all of this
0.1% of solids.
 Wastewater
• People excrete 100-150 grams wet weight of feces
• And 1-1.3 litters of urine per person per day.
 DEFINITIONS
• Sewer: Sewers are under ground pipes or conduits which carry sewage to
points of disposal.
• Sewage: The Liquid waste from a community is called sewage. Sewage is
classified into sewage. The non domestic sewage is classified into industrial,
domestic-non and domestic commercial, institutional and any other sewage
that is not domestic.
 DEFINITIONS (contd…)
• Sewerage: The entire system used for collection, treatment and disposal of
Liquid waste. This includes pipes, manholes, and all structures used for the
above mentioned purposes.
• Infiltration: It is the water which inters the sewers from ground water
through Leaks from loose joints or cracks.
• Inflow: It is the water which inters the sewers from the manholes during
rainfall events.
 Classification of wastewater
• Gray water: Washing water from the kitchen, bathroom, laundry (without
faeces and urine)
• Black water: Water from flush toilet (faeces and urine with flush water)
• Yellow water: Urine from separated toilets and urinals
• Brown water: Black water without urine or yellow water
 Quality of wastewater
• The quality of wastewater determines the type and degree of treatment
required.

• Example: in case of biological treatment amount of organic matter in

domestic wastewater determines the degree of biological treatment required.
 Quality of wastewater
Many parameters have been used to measure the concentration of organic matter in
wastewater.
The following are the most common used methods:
• Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
• Chemical oxygen demand (COD)
• Total Organic Carbon (TOC)
 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

• BOD5 is the oxygen equivalent of organic matter.

 Example 1.
• 10 mL of a wastewater sample are placed in a 300-mL BOD bottle. The initial DO of
the sample is 8.5 mg/L. The DO is 3 mg/L after 5 days. What is the 5-day BOD?
 Chemical oxygen demand (COD)
• It is the amount of oxygen necessary to oxidize all
the organic carbon completely to CO2 and H2O.
• Is measured by oxidation with potassium dichromate
(K2Cr2O7) in the presence of sulfuric acid and silver
and expressed in milligram per litter.
 Total Organic Carbon (TOC)

• This method measures the organic carbon existing in the wastewater by

injecting a sample of the WW in special device in which the carbon is
oxidized to carbon dioxide then carbon dioxide is measured and used to
quantify the amount of organic matter in the WW. This method is only used
for small concentration of organic matter.
Total Organic Carbon (TOC)
 Theoretical oxygen (ThOD)
• If the chemical formula of the organic matter existing in the
WW is known the ThOD may be computed as the amount of
oxygen needed to oxidize the organic carbon to carbon dioxide
and a other end products.
 Example 2
• Calculate the Theoretical Oxygen Demand (ThOD) for
sugar C12 H22 O11 dissolved in water to a concentration of
100 mg/L. Calculate "TOC".
Lecture Two
INTRODUCTION
TO BASICS OF
WASTEWATER,
SANITATION AND
DRAINAGE
Quality of wastewater
Physical, chemicals and biological
properties of wastewater
 Physical characteristics-Solids
Solids are classified into three main types:
1.Total Solids (TS): All the matter that remains as residue upon evaporation at
103oC to 105oC.
2. Settleable solids: Settleable solids are measured as ml/L, which is an
approximate measure of the sludge that can be removed by primary
sedimentation.
3. Suspended solids (SS) and Filterable solids (FS).
Physical characteristics-Odor
• Odor is produced by gas production due to the
decomposition of organic matter or by substances added to
the wastewater.
• Detection of odor:Odor is measured by special instruments
such as the Portable H2S meter which is used for
measuring the concentration of hydrogen sulfide.
Physical characteristics - odour
C9H9N
 Physical characteristics-Temperature
Temperature of wastewater is commonly higher than that of water supply.
Depending on the geographic location the mean annual temperature varies in
the range of
10 to 21oC with an average of 16 o C.
 Temperature
Importance of temperature:-
• Affects chemical reactions during the wastewater treatment process.
• Affects aquatic life (Fish, …………).
• Oxygen solubility is less in worm water than cold water.
• Optimum temperature for bacterial activity is in the range of 25°C to 35
• Aerobic digestion and nitrification stop when the temperature rises to50 oC.
• When the temperature drops to about 15°c, methane producing bacteria become in active.
• Nitrifying bacteria stop activity at about 5°c.
 Physical characteristics
Density:-
• Almost the same density of water when the wastewater doesn't include significant
amount of industrial waste.
Colour:-
• Fresh waste water light brownish gray.
• With time dark gray
• More time black (septic).
• Some times pink due to algae or due to industrial colours.
Turbidity:-
• It's a measure of the light –transmitting properties of water.
 Biological Characteristics:-
The Engineer should know:-
i. The principal groups of microorganisms found in wastewater.
ii. The pathogenic organisms.
iii. Indicator organisms (indicate the –presence of pathogens).
iv. The methods used to amount the microorganisms.
v. The methods to evaluate the toxicity of treated wastewater
 Main groups of
Microorganisms:-
The main microorganisms of concern in wastewater treatment are
• Bacteria,
• Fungi,
• Algae,
• Protozoa,
• Viruses, and
• pathogenic microorganisms groups.
 Bacteria:-
Types: Spheroid, rod curved rod, spiral, filamentous.
Some important bacteria:-
• Pseudomonas:-reduce NO3to N2, So it is very
important in biological nitrate removal in treatment
works.
• Zoogloea:-helps through its slime production in the
formation of flocs in the aeration tanks.
 Bacteria:-
• Sphaerotilus natuns: Causes sludge bulking in the
aeration tanks.
• Bdellovibrio: destroy pathogens in biological treatment.
• Acinetobacter: Store large amounts of phosphate under
aerobic conditions and release it under an –anaerobic
condition so, they are useful in phosphate removal.
 Bacteria:-
• Nitrosomonas: transform NH4 into NO2-
• Nitrobacter: transform NO2-to NO3-
• Coliform bacteria:-The most common type is E-Coli or
Echerichia Coli, (indicator for the presence of pathogens).
E-Coli is measured in (No/100mL)
 Others Microorganisms
Fungi: Important in decomposing organic matter to simple
forms.
Algae: Cause eutrophication phenomena. (négative effect)
Useful in oxidation ponds. (positive effect) Cause taste and
problems when decayed. (negative effect)
Protozoa: Feed on bacteria so they help in the purification of
treated waste water.
Some of them are pathogenic.
 Other Microorganisms
Viruses: Viruses are a major hazard to public health. Some viruses can live as
long as 41 days in water and wastewater at 20 o C. They cause lots of
dangerous diseases.
Typical Wastewater Composition
Typical Wastewater Composition
 Wastewater treatment standards

The standards for the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus (N,P) are not
included in this table because (N) and (P) need tertiary treatment.
 The Network
Network

Water Supply Wastewater Stormwater

•Water collection
•collection •Collection
•Water treatment • treatment •Disposal
•Water distribution •Treatment
•Reuse
 Types of collection systems
• Separate system
Used for domestic and industrial wastes in addition to inflow and infiltration. Storm
water is not considered.
It is preferred for the following:
• The size of pipes is much smaller than the combined system sewers. This gives the
advantage of good hydraulics in the pipe (the pipe is Designed to have a minimum
velocity to prevent sedimentation of sand)
 Types of collection systems
Separate system
• Separation of wastewater from storm water minimize the total quantity of sewage
which has the following advantages :
1. Smaller pumping stations are needed.
2. Smaller and more efficient treatment plants are needed.
3. Overflow of combined sewers in the storm events produces pollution to
environment which is not the case in separate sewer.
• Only unavoidable Storm water inters the system which protects the system from the
accumulation of sand in the sewers in the non-paved areas.
 Types of collection systems
Combined system Both sanitary & storm water
• It is used for both storm water and wastewater.
• It is preferred for the following cases:
• For areas of long rainy seasons.
• For areas where it is difficult to construct two pipelines in the streets crowded with other
services (electricity, telephone, gas, etc...).
• It’s not preferred for areas of short rainy season, and for areas poorly paved which leads to
the accumulation of sand in the system.
• Combined system is 40% lower in cost than separate system
 Ways for transmission of sewage
• By gravity: Used always wherever possible
• By pressure: It's use is limited for areas
which can’t be served by gravity
• By vacuum
 Preliminary studies for the design
of sewage collection systems

i. Contour maps, and longitudinal profiles.

ii. Geotechnical investigation( type of soil).
iii. Hydrological investigation( water table).
iv. Metrological data( rain,….).
v. Detailed map of the area showing streets, buildings, levels of buildings entrance …
etc
 Preliminary studies for the design of
sewage collection systems

vi. Detailed cross section for the streets showing the underground service (water
pipes, electricity cables, gas pipes, telephone,…..).
vii. Water supply and consumption study.
viii. Identification of industrial, commercial institutional and domestic areas.
ix. Identification of collection points of sewage and possible locations of
pumping stations and point of final collection.
x. Population forecast studies.
xi. Expected Development of the area (Master planning).
 QUANTITY OF WASTEWATER

• The quantity of wastewater produced varies in different communities and countries,

depending on a number of factors such as

• Water uses,
• Climate,
• Lifestyle,
• Economics, etc.
 Surface and Subsurface drainage
• Surface drainage: canal, channel

• Subsurface drainages: tunnels, culverts

Basic Definition Stormwater

Components
Storm water
Storm water
Storm water
Storm water
Storm water
 Lecture Three
Design Layout
and Construction
of Sewers
Basic design concepts
 What is Design?
• An engineering design process is a process used by engineers to help develop
products. the engineering design is defined as
• the process of devising a system, component or process to meet desired
needs. It is a decision-making process (often iterative), in which the basic
sciences, mathematics, and engineering sciences are applied to convert
resources optimally to meet a stated objective. Among the fundamental
elements of the design process are the establishment of objectives and
criteria, synthesis, analysis, construction, testing, and evaluation.
Wastewater
Wastewater Infrastructure
 Unit Operations/Processes
• Suspended solids: Screening, grit removal, sedimentation
• Biodegradable organics: Anaerobic and anaerobic treatments, chemical
oxidation, membrane filtration
• Nitrogen: Biological nitrogen removal, air stripping, ion exchange
• Phosphorus: Biological nitrogen removal, chemical treatment
• Pathogens: Chlorination, ozonation, UV
• VOCs: Air stripping, carbon adsoption
Determination of design flow
Diurnal Variation in Flow
Daily Variation in Flow
Variation in Loadings
Estimating Waste Conc
 Estimating Flow Rate
1. The existing base flow
2. Estimated future flows for residential, commercial, institutional, and
industrial sources
3. Non excessive infiltration/inflow
Selection for Design
 Design criteria:
• The season (monthly variations)
• Weather conditions
• Week of the month , day of the week, time of the day.
• Average daily water consumption per capita for domestic areas (L/c/d),
(Qavg).Average daily water consumption per capita for institution ( school, offices,
….etc. ), (Qavg).Average daily water consumption for commercial and industrial
areas.
 Design criteria
• Qinfil is taken as [24-95 m3/day/km] or [0.5 m3/day/diamwter (cm)],
• Qinflo is taken as 0.2-30 [m3/ha/day]. ( hectare = 10,000 m2)
• take the bigger value of two
• Qdes= Qmax+ QI/I( if found)
• QI/I= Qinfil+ Qinflo
• Qmax= [0.80* Qavg] * Pƒ
 Design criteria
• The minimum domestic wastewater flow (Qmin) is necessary to check for
the minimum velocity in the sanitary sewers, it is estimated from the
following formula:

A typical value of
[Qavg]w = 0.8 Qavg
Collection Mains
 Collection Mains
• Gravity Flow: The wastewater collection system shall be designed for gravity
(open) flow conditions, using a “Mannings” roughness coefficient of 0.013
to account for various pipe materials and joints, service connections, and
future interior pipe conditions.
 Collection Mains
• Peak Flow Depth: Collection mains shall normally be designed to carry the
peak flow with a flow depth of one-half of the full pipe.
• Pressurized Flow Prohibited: Pressurized surcharged or depressed
(inverted siphon) wastewater mains are prohibited in the City's wastewater
collection system.
 Collection Mains
• Minimum Diameter: Collection mains shall be a minimum eight (8) inches
in diameter. (200mm)
• Size Changes: All changes in pipe size shall require a manhole at the size
change.
• Easements: All wastewater mains shall be installed in public rights-of-way
or easements, as prescribed under urban regulation.
• Lot Frontage: All platted lots, whether existing or proposed as part of a
subdivision, shall front on a collection main.
 Collection Mains
• Minimum and Maximum Cover:
• All collection mains shall have a minimum depth of cover of three (3) feet,
(90cm) and a maximum depth of cover of eighteen (18) feet (540cm) feet,
measured from the top of pipe to the final surface grade.
 Collection Mains
• Shallow Cover Protection:
• Where collection main depths are less than four (4 feet) (120cm), and the
main is located under a right-of-way, street, driveway, parking lot, or other
areas where live loading is a concern, special pipe materials (such as ductile
iron pipe) or other structural measures (such as concrete encasement) shall
be provided.
 Collection Mains
Provision for Basements:
• Proposed collection mains shall be designed with adequate depth to provide
wastewater service to basements, where possible and appropriate.
 Slope
Slope Changes: All changes in slope shall require a manhole at the slope change
connection.

Slope Between Manholes: All collection mains shall

be laid at a constant slope between manholes.
 Velocities:
• Collection mains shall be designed with an adequate slope to provide flow
velocities of two (2) feet per second (0.6m/s) during peak flow conditions.
• Minimum allowable slope shall provide half-full or full pipe flow velocities
of two (2) feet per second.
• Maximum allowable slope shall provide half-full or full pipe flow velocities
of 10 feet per second (3m/s).
• The design slope will usually be greater than the minimum allowable slope,
where less than halffull or full pipe peak flow conditions occur.
 Alignment
• Straight Alignment Required: All collection mains shall be laid in a straight
alignment between manholes.
• Alignment Changes: All changes in alignment require a manhole at the
alignment change connection.
• Curvilinear Mains Prohibited: Curvilinear collection mains will not be
allowed.
 Example
• A gravity pipe serving a community of 50,000 inh. The length of the pipe is
200 m, and the average water consumption is 120 L/c/d. Use an infiltration
rate of 30 m3/day.km, and a wastewater production rate of 80% of the
water supply. Neglect the inflow for this example. Calculate Qdes and Qmin.
Solution
Solution
 Lecture Four
Design Layout
and
Construction of
Sewers
Homework -1-
Manholes
Manhole Dimension
Type of Manholes
 Inverted Siphon
Inverted Siphon used when the obstruction happens on the line of sewer, like road river and
railway, min velocity 0.9m/s , first pipe carry the min flow (Qmin) the second pipes carry
(Qavg-Qmin) third pipe carry ( Qmax –Qavg)
Example
Sewer Construction
Sewer Construction
Sewer Construction
• Loads on Pipes
Sewer Construction
Example
 Lecture Five
Pumping
Stations
 Purpose and types of pumping stations
• The main purpose of pumping stations is to transfer fluids from low points
to higher points.
The main types of pumping stations are:
Wastewater PS.
Water PS.
Sludge PS.
Stormwater PS.
Layout PS
Layout PS
Bar Screen
Bar Screen
Grit Removal
Wet-well and pump house
Wet-well
Wet-well
Dry well
Drywell
 Types of pumps
Pumps are classified into two main categories:
Kinetic pumps.
o Centrifugal pumps ( radial, axial, mixed flow)
o Turbine (vertical) pumps
Positive displacement pumps.
o Rotary pumps ( screw, lobe)
o Reciprocating pumps (plunger)
Types of pumps
Types of pumps
Rotary ( Screw Pump)
In the screw pump a
revolving shaft fitted with
blades rotates in an
inclined
trough and pushes the
water up the trough.
Rotary ( Screw Pump)
Lobe
 Reciprocating pump
• In the reciprocating pump a piston sucks the fluid into a cylinder then
pushes it up causing the water to rise.
 Lecture Six
Pump
Hydraulics and
Design
 Main Parts of Centrifugal Pumps
1. Impeller:

• which is the rotating part of the centrifugal pump.

• It consists of a series of backwards curved vanes

(blades).

• The impeller is driven by a shaft which is connected to

the shaft of an electric motor.
 Main Parts of Centrifugal Pumps
2. Casing

• Which is an air-tight passage surrounding the

impeller

• designed to direct the liquid to the impeller and

lead it away

• Volute casing. It is of spiral type in which the area of

the flow increases gradually.
 Main Parts of Centrifugal Pumps
3. Suction Pipe.

4.Delivery Pipe.

5.The Shaft: which is the bar by which the

power is transmitted from the motor drive
to the impeller.

6.The driving motor: which is responsible for

rotating the shaft. It can be mounted
directly on the pump, above it, or adjacent
to it.
Sump (wet well)/reservoir capacity
 Sump (wet well)/reservoir capacity
• Very often the capacity of pumps does not comply with the required discharge.
• This is felt especially in wastewater pumping stations and also in supply stations for
water distribution reservoirs.
• This means that pumps will have to be stopped occasionally and re-started later.
• The number of starts must be limited for two reasons:

• Electricity supply companies wish to limit the number of times the relatively high
start-up power is required;
• The overheating of motors must be prevented.
• For these reasons the number of starts per hour must be limited to 3-4 times for large
pumps and 6-8 times for small pumps.
The sump capacity
 Determination of the wet well active volume
• The active volume in the wet well is the volume enclosed between the LWL
and the HWL.
• This volume depends on many factors such as the number of pumps, the
capacity of each pump and the raw WW influent flow rate.
• The active volume (V ) when one pump is in operation is calculated from the
following equation:

Where:
T: minimum cycle time between pump starts, min.
q : the pumping rate of a single pump in operation, m3/min
V: active volume for one pump in operation, m3
 Determination of the wet well active
volume
• Example:
• What is the active volume of a wet well that has 5 pumps working in parallel plus one
standby pump. The capacity of one pump when operating alone is 12m3/min. Take T
as 8 minutes. The area of the horizontal cross section of the wet well is 12 m2 .
 Solution
• The cycle time T depends on the pump type and the manufacturer recommendations.

• Typical value of T 6 minutes. This will lead to 10 starts of the pump in 1 hour

• it is recommended to limit the number of pump starts to 12 as a maximum to protect

the pump and to increase its effective life span.

• If more than a pump is used, an additional 15 cm is added to the height of the wet
well for each pump other than the first.
 Solution
• V = (14.7*6)/4 = 22.05 m3

• Water height = (22.05)/15 = 1.47 m

• Total height of active volume = 1.47 + 2*0.15 = 1.77 m

• Total active volume = 1.77 * 15 = 26.55 m3

Determination of the wet well active volume:

Pumps Operation Sequence

Definition of pumping head terms

Terminology for a pump with a positive suction head

Definition of pumping head terms

Terminology for a pump with a negative suction head

 Definition of pumping head terms
• hs (Static suction head): It is the difference in elevation between the wet well
liquid level and the datum elevation passing through the pump impeller center
• hd ( Static discharge head ): It is the difference in elevation between the
discharge liquid level and the datum elevation passing through the pump impeller
center.
• Hstat (Static discharge head) : It is the difference (or sum) in elevation
between the static discharge and the static suction heads:
 Definition of pumping head terms
• hgs ( manometric ( or gage) suction head): It is the suction gage reading. it is
also the height to which the water will rise in a manometer installed at the suction
side of the pump.
• hgd (manometric ( or gage) discharge head): It is the discharge gage reading.
It is also the height to which the water will rise in a manometer installed at the
discharge side of the pump.
• Hg (manometric ( or gage) discharge head): It is the increase in pressure head
produced by the pump. It is calculated as follows:
 Definition of pumping head terms
• ( velocity head at the delivery side): It is the kinetic energy in the liquid in the discharge pipe.
• ( velocity head at the suction side): It is the kinetic energy in the liquid in the suction pipe.
• hms ( minor losses at the suction side): They are the losses in head (pressure) due to the eddies
and turbulence created during liquid flow through valves and fittings in the suction
pipe.
• hmd( minor losses at the delivery side): They are the losses in head (pressure) due to the eddies
and turbulence created during liquid flow through valves and fittings in the delivery
pipe.
 Definition of pumping head terms
• Ht ( total dynamic head TDH): It is the total head that the pump
should deliver. It can be determined using the following formula:
 Definition of pumping head terms
• Ht (TDH) can also be calculated using Equations
 Friction losses

hf = friction losses due to friction, m

D = pipe diameter, m
Q = flow rate, m3/s
C = Hazen Williams friction coefficient
Values of “ C” are given in hydraulic references. For example:
C = 150 for PVC pipes
= 145 for Steel pipes
Note: C for new pipes is larger than C for old pipes from the same
material.
 Minor losses

hm = minor losses, m
g = gravitational acceleration, m/s2
V = liquid velocity, m/s
K = minor losses coefficient
Values of “ K” are given in hydraulic references. For example:
K = 0.1 – 0.40 gate valve
= 0.30 for 45o bend
 Power output of pumps

Pp = Power output of the pump, Watt

Ht = the total dynamic head delivered by the
pump, m
g = gravitational acceleration, m/s2
Q = flow rate, m3/s
ρ = fluid density, kg/m3
 Pump Efficiency

ηp = pump efficiency
Pp = pump output power, Watt
Pi = input power to the pump, Watt
 Pump motor Efficiency

ηm = pump motor efficiency

Pm = input power to the pump motor, Watt
Pm is the power supplied to the pump
motor from an electricity source
 Overall System Efficiency
• Overall system efficiency is defined as the ratio between power output of the
entire system to the power input supplied by the electricity source:
Overall System Efficiency
 Design of the Manifold
• The manifold is the pipe that connects the delivery pipes with the main
pressure line.

Where:
D = pipe diameter (variable) according to the # of pumps in operation, m
Q = discharge (variable) according to the # of pumps in operation, m3/d
V = flow velocity (variable) according to the # of pumps in operation, m/s
The velocity in the manifold is usually assumed in the range of 1 to 2 m/s.
 Design of the main Pressure line
• The main pressure line is the pipe that connects the manifold with ponit of
disposal. Its diameter is determined using the Continuity equation:

The velocity at peak flow in the main pressure line is usually assumed in the range of 1 to 2 m/s.
However the velocity when one pump in operation should not be less than 0.60 m/s.
 Design of the main Pressure line
• Selecting the most economical diameter for the main pressure line
Homework -1I-
Lecture Seven
Wastewater
treatment I
 Outline
• Wastewater treatment methods
• Classification of wastewater treatment methods
• Design of wastewater treatment systems,
• Design of Sedimentation tank,
• Waste Stabilization Pond,
Wastewater treatment methods

Goals of Wastewater treatment

• Separation of solids from liquid
• Stabilization of separated solids
• disinfection of pathogenic micro-organisms
• Proper reuse or disposal of treated liquid and solids
Wastewater treatment methods
Bar Screen
Bar Screen
 Bar screens
• Screens are used in wastewater treatment
for the removal of coarse solids.
• Screens are either manually or mechanical
cleaned.
Bar Screens
 Characteristics of manual bar screen
• Bar spacing is in range of 2-5 cm
• The screen is mounted at an angle of 30-45
• Bars are usually 1 cm thick, 2.5 wide
• Minimum approach velocity in the bar screen channel is 0.45 m/s to prevent grit
deposition.
• Maximum velocity between the bars is 0.9m/s to prevent washout of solids through
the bars.
 Characteristics of mechanical bar screen
• Bar spacing is in range of 1.5-4 cm
• The screen is mounted at an angle of 30-75
• Bars are usually 1 cm thick, 2.5 wide
• Minimum approach velocity in the bar screen channel is 0.45 m/s to prevent grit
deposition.
• Maximum velocity between the bars is 0.9 m/s to prevent washout of solids through
the bars.
Approach Channel
Approach Channel
 Design of the bar screen channel
(Approach Channel)
• The cross section of the bar screen channel is determined from the continuity equation:
Q = AV
d c a

Ac = Qd / Va
Qd = design flow, m3/s
Ac = bar screen cross section, m2
Va = Velocity in the approach channel, m/s

Usually, rectangular channels are used, and the ratio between depth and width is taken as 1.5 to
give the most efficient section.
 Head-loss

• The head loss through the bar screen

• Hl = head loss
• Va = approach velocity, m/s
• Vb = Velocity through the openings, m/s
• g = acceleration due to gravity, m/s2
 Example
• A manual bar screen is to be used in an approach channel with a maximum
velocity of 0.64 m/s, and a design flow of 300 L/s. the bars are 10 mm thick
and openings are 3 cm wide. Determine:
a) The cross section of the channel, and the dimension needed
b) The velocity between bars
c) The head loss in meters
d) The number of bars in the screen
 Solution
a) Ac= Qd/Va= 0.3/0.64 = 0.47 m2
• Ac= W x1.5W =1.5 W x W
• W = 0.56 m, Depth (d) = 1.5 W = 0.84 m
b) From continuity equation: Va Ac= Vb Anet
• Anet= 0.84 x 0.56 (3/3+1) = 0.35 m2
• Anet=Ac(Sc/(Sc+tbar) = 84 x (56(3/(3+1))) = 0.35m2
• Vb= 0.64 x 0.56 x 0.84/0.35 = 0.86 m/s < 0.9 m/s ok
 Solution
c) Head-loss

= 0.024m

d) n tbar + (n-1)Sc = W
= n x 1 + (n-1) x 3= 56 n= 14.75 = 15
 Design of rectangular Grit removal channel
• Settling theory
 Example
• A suspension contains particles of grit with a diameter of 0.2 mm and
specific gravity of 2.65. For particles of this size CD= 10, f= 0.03, and b=
0.06. The suspension also contains organic solids of same size for which the
specific gravity is 1.10 and band f are unchanged. Determine the settling
velocity of the grit and the scour velocity of grit and organic material.
 Solution
• Settling velocity of particles

• Scour velocity of particles

• Scour velocity of organic solids

 Grit Chamber
• Goals: Removal of inorganic matter which has high density > 2000 kg/m3 and
particle size 0.1 to 0.2 mm in order to protect pumps from abrasion and to
protect digesters from getting clogged.
 Example
• Design a grit chamber for Treatment plant having a daily flow of 11000 m3.
Use the values of Vh and Vs from previous example. Assume w = 1m
 Solution
• A= W*H
• = 0.13 (m3/s)/0.23 (m/s)
• = 0.55 m2
• Assume W= 1 m ,
• then H = 0.55 m
• Vs/ Vh= H/L
• 2.1/23 = o.55/L
• L= 6.04 m
 Grit chamber control device design
• The horizontal velocity is very important to the proper function of the grit chamber
• The velocity can be held constant regardless of the flow, by proper combination of
basin cross section and the control device.
• For a constant velocity, the basin cross section must be proportioned so that:
• Vh= Constant
• The condition of constant velocity is maintained, provided the width of the basin
varies so that Yn-1= KX . where n is the discharge coefficient of the control section.
 Grit chamber control device design
• •If the control section is rectangular in cross section (like a Parshall flume) n
will be approximately 1.5, thusY =CX2and the channel cross section
must be parabolic.
• •With a proportional flow weir, n= 1 and K=C. The channel cross section in
this case is rectangular , which somewhat simplified construction.
• •The actual proportions of the channel and weir must be selected together to
provide the necessary conditions for grit removal.
Grit removal Channel
 Example
• Design a grit –removal system consisting of three identical channels for a
plant which has a peak flow of 80,000 m3/day, max flow of 65,000, an
average flow of 50,000m3/day and a minimum flow of 20,000m3/day. Use
parabolic channels. The design velocity (Vh) is 0.25 m/s.
 Solution
• The peak flow per channel will be 80,000/3= 26,666 m3/day = 0.31 m3/s.
• The max flow per channel will be 65,000/3= 21666 m3/day = 0.25 m3/s
• The average flow per channel will be 50,000/3= 16,666 m3/day = 0.19 m3/s.
• The minimum flow per channel will be 20,000/3= 6,666 m3/day = 0.077 m3/s.
• A = Q/V
• A peak= 0.31/0.25 = 1.24 m2
• Amax. = 0.25/0.25 = 1.0 m2
• A average= 0.19/0.25 = 0.76 m2
• A min= 0.077/0.25 = 0.31 m2
 Solution
• For parabolic channel A= 2/3* W*D
• The channel in principal, can have any a appropriate combination of width and depth.
• For width of 1.5 m at a maximum depth should equal:
• A max=1.0 = 2/3 * 1.5 *Dmax.
• D max=1.0 m
• The total energy head in the flume flow at Q maxis
• Vh2/2g +D = 1.0 m (Vh2/2g) =small value
• The control section will produce critical depth, thus, in the control Vh -------- Vc and dc=
Vc2/g.
• The total energy head in the control is
• vc2/g + Vc2/2g.
 Solution
• If we assume the head loss in the control is (Q2/w2g)1/3
10% of the velocity head, then D = (3.1/2) * dc
D= Vc2/g + Vc2/2g + 0.1 Vc2/2g = W = 3/2 * (A/D)
3.1 Vc2/2g
D = 3.1 Vc2/2g Vc=(2 g D/ 3.1)0.5 • The length of the basin depends on the
ratio of settling velocity and horizontal
• At a maximum flow, with D = 1 m, velocity.
Vc= (2*9.8* 1/3.1)0.5= 2.5 m/s Vh/Vs= L/D at peak flow
dc= Vc2/g dc= 0.64 m L = D (Vh/Vs)
• And the width of control device section • The length of the channel = 1.11
w = Q / (Vc*dc) = 0.25 /(2.5 * 0.64) = (0.25/0.021) = 13.2 m
0.16 m
• For other flow conditions: dc=
Solution
Solution
 Example
• Design a set of rectangular grit basins with proportional flow weir for a plant
which has a peak flow of 80,000 m3/day, max flow of 65,000, an average
flow of 50,000m3/day and a minimum flow of 20,000m3/day. Use three
basins. Make the peak depth equal to the width.The design velocity (Vh) is
0.25 m/s.
 Solution
• The peak flow per channel will be 80,000/3= 26,666 m3/day = 0.31 m3/s.
• The max flow per channel is:
65,000/3= 21666 m3/day = 0.25 m3/s
• The average flow per channel is:
50,000/3= 16,666 m3/day = 0.19 m3/s.
• The minimum flow per channel is:
20,000/3= 6,666 m3/day = 0.077 m3/s.
A = Q/V
A max= 0.31/0.25 = 1.24 m2.
• The depth D = W = 1.11 m .
• The length of the channel = D (Vh/Vs)
L =1.11 (0.25/0.021) = 13.2 m
 Solution
• The equation used to calculate y in the table is:
Y= Q/(Vh*W ),for example
Q= 0.077m3/s
Y= 0.077/(0.25*1.11)=0.28 m= 280 mm
y =(2/3.1) *Y (similar to >> dc = (2/3.1)* D)
= (2/3.1) *280 = 181 mm
• The weir must be shaped so that:
Q =8.18 * 10-6 wy1.5(where m3/min)
w= width of the proportional weir at depth (y).
for example : y= 181 mm & w= 231 mm
Solution
 Lecture Eight

Wastewater treatment I
Biological Treatment
Ponds
 Introduction
•Primary treatment
•Secondary treatment
•Advanced treatment (tertiary
treatment )
•Sludge treatment

•Physical treatment
•Biological treatment
•Chemical treatment

•Incineration
 Waste Stabilization Ponds (WSP) system
• Primary Treatment

• Series of ponds
• Anaerobic pond
• Facultative pond
• Maturation pond ( one or more )
depend on the effluent quality
 Stabilization Ponds
• Ponds are probably one of nature's most economical ways of treating sewage and
producing a highly purified effluent (end product.)
• The degree of treatment provided by ponds depends upon the type and number of
ponds used.
• Ponds can be used as the sole type of water treatment or can be used in conjunction
with other forms of wastewater treatment.
 Stabilization Ponds
• Advantages and Disadvantages
• Ponds, oxygen is transferred directly into the water across the surface area without
the need for any equipment.
• The natural method of aeration used by a sewage pond takes much longer than an
aerator does to add oxygen to the water. As a result, ponds treat sewage much
more slowly than package plants do.
 Stabilization Ponds
•Sewage ponds are very simple to construct.
•However, the pond and surrounding area must be planned in such a
way that the human and natural environments surrounding the pond
are not damaged.
 Requirements
• Embankments
• The soil in which a pond is built must be impermeable
• A pond must be completely fenced to keep unwanted visitors out
• Tree growth must be restricted (root may damage the embankment)
• Sewage ponds must be encircled by a windbreak, which usually consists of a row of
pine trees.
• The windbreak will prevent the pond's odors from disturbing the nearby residents
and will also make the area aesthetically pleasing.
 Requirements (Depth)
• The pond must be greater than 60cm deep at all parts to exclude
plant growth.
• Plants growing at the edge of a pond will create areas of still water in
which mosquitoes will lay their eggs.
• But at depths of over 1.8m, anaerobic conditions occur, so regulations
stipulate that the depth of a sewage pond can be no more than 1.5m.
 Typical depths
• Typical pond depths are: ~3 m for
anaerobic ponds;
• ~1.5 m for facultative ponds; and
• ~1 m for maturation ponds.
 Health of the Surrounding Environment
• One way of protecting the surrounding environment is by adding a finishing
pond.
• A finishing pond , also known as a polishing pond
• The finishing pond is installed between the sewage pond and the stream as shown
below.
Stabilization pond at Kaliti
 Green Pond
• Facultative and maturation ponds are usually a deep
green colour (and, if they are not, then something s
likely to be wrong).
• The green colour is due to the profuse growth of
micro-algae in the pond.
Treatment Process
•Micro-algae as they are the work
horses of facultative and maturation
ponds.
•two broad groups:
•The motile and
•The non-motile algae.
 Treatment Process
• Motile algae have one or more tails called flagella which enable them to
move. So, in the fairly turbid waters of facultative ponds this gives them an
advantage over non-motile forms and so they tend to predominate in these
ponds.
• But as you move down a series of maturation ponds, the water becomes less
and less turbid and you find more and more non-motile algae and fewer
motile ones.
 Lecture Nine
Wastewater
treatment I

Pond Design
 Anaerobic Pond
• These ponds have such a high organic loading,
or BOD loading, that they do not contain any
dissolved oxygen.
• They are usually quite deep, often 2- 4 m deep.
• And they contain no, or very few, algae,
although
Anaerobic Pond
Design Of Anaerobic Pond
Design Of Anaerobic Pond
 Odour
• It’s mainly caused by H2S, and this comes from the reduction of sulphates
by the obligately anaerobic sulphate-reducing bacteria, such as Desulfovibrio
spp.
• These bacteria reduce sulphates to sulphides, and in aqueous solution
sulphides are present as a mixture of dissolved H2S gas molecules,
bisulphide ions HS , and sulphide ions S2 ; and the proportion of these three
forms depends on the pH
Odour
 Odour
• WW do not have an odour problem if the sulphate concentration in the raw
wastewater was less than 500mg SO4/l.
• This is quite high, especially as the maximum concentration permitted in drinking
water is 250 mg SO4/l.
• Of course, the sulphate concentration in wastewater is higher than in drinking water
as detergents, for example, can contain up to 40% by weight of sodium sulphate.
• Control should not normally be necessary but, if it is required, you can add lime or
soda ash to keep the pH above 7.
Anaerobic pond lined with an impermeable
plastic membrane
Inlet structure for anaerobic and primary
facultative ponds
Inlet structure for secondary facultative and
maturation ponds
Outlet weir structure
Lecture Ten
Wastewater
treatment I

Pond Design
 Facultative Ponds

• Primary facultative pond for fac. ponds that receive raw wastewater, after screen
and grit removal
• Secondary facultative pond for those receiving the effluent from an anaerobic
pond or other settling device such as septic tanks, or the solids interceptor tanks used
in settled sewerage.
Facultative Ponds
 The McGarry and Pescod
equation

• Using SI units their equation becomes:

lS = 60(1.099)T

• where the units are now kg per ha per day and °C.
 Maturation Ponds
We normally design
maturation ponds for
E. coli removal, although of
course we
might in any one case want
to design them
for something else nitrogen
removal, for
instance.