What is GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT?????

Growth
 Physical and quantitative changes that occur in human
beings.

Development
 Qualitative and quantitative changes that occurs from the time of birth
until the death
 6 stages of human development
Infant->Early Childhood->middle childhood->adolescence->adult-
>old age
PRINCIPLES of GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT
 From above to below, from centre to all direction
 From general to specific
 An increase to complexity
 Occur at different rate
 Relatively orderly
 Takes place gradually
 Growth only up to certain stage; development continue
till death
 Growth and development are interrelated
 THEORIES of Development
Gesell’s Maturation Theory
 Development occurs according to a biological
timetable

Havigurst’s Development Task Theory

 Accomplish the task at the certain level before
individual can move to a higher level of development
 THEORIES of Development
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
 Goes through 4 stages according to individual growth
& development

DEVELOPMENT STAGES YEARS

Sensorimotor 0–2
Preoperational 2-7
Concrete operational 7 – 12
Formal operational After 12
 THEORIES of Development
Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
 Experiences in early childhood would leave the impact
to the adult personality
STAGES PSYCHOSOCIAL CRISIS
First year of life (0 – 1 year) Trust vs Mistrust
Second and third year (2 – 3 years) Autonomy vs Doubt
Fourth to sixth years (4 – 6 years) Initiative vs Guilt
Sixth years to puberty (6 – 11 years) Industry vs inferiority
Adolescence (12 – 20 years) Identity vs Confusion
 THEORIES of Development

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning

 Individual progress according to 3 main level of moral
development:
 Preconventional Morality
 Conventional Morality
 Postconventional Morality
 THEORIES of Development
LEVEL 1 : PRECONVENTIONAL MORALITY (AROUND EARLY
CHILDHOOD)
Stage 1: Punishment orientation
Stage 2 : Naïve reward orientation

LEVEL 2 : CONVENTIONAL MORALITY (AROUND MIDDLE CHILDHOOD)

Stage 3: Good boy / good girl orientation
Stage 4 : Authority orientation

LEVEL 3 : POSTCONVENTIONAL MORALITY (AROUND ADOLESCENCE)

Stage 5: Social contrast orientation
Stage 6 : Morality of individual principle and conscience
 THEORIES of Development

Spiritual Development – Al-Ghazali

 Related to thinking, soul, characteristics, quality, aims,
and belief.

Early Childhood
 Understand god through picture
 Aware the greatness of god
 THEORIES of Development

Middle Childhood
 Understand the principles of religious faith
 Able to follow the Islamic practice

Early Adolescence
 Understand the values of god, sin and the reward
conceptually
 Environment and peer group influences are important
 THEORIES of Development
Adolescence
 Strong belief in religion
 Existence of god, sin, reward and the day of
punishment
 Doubtful, anxious and suspicious feeling may arise
toward matters concerning spirituality
 Implication of Development Theories in
Teaching & Learning
Physical Development
 Organize physical activities according to individual
physical ability.

Cognitive Development
 Plan interesting & meaning teaching-learning
activities according to individual cognitive
development level.
 Implication of Development Theories in
Teaching & Learning

Emotional & Spiritual Development

 Instill healthy emotional and spiritual values
 Control and prevent individual undesirable behavior
and spiritual development
 Understand individual emotional and spiritual
development ->guide & help them to solve emotional
problems.
 Implication of Development Theories in
Teaching & Learning

Social Development
 Group teaching strategies
 Organize co-curricular activities
 SUMMARY
 Growth: Physical & quantitative changes
 Development: Quantitative and qualitative changes in
a progressive series from birth to death.
 Human growth & development are influences by 2
factors: Nature vs Nurture
 5 theories of development
I. Maturation theory ( Gesell)
II. Task Development theory (Havigurst)
 SUMMARY
III. Cognitive Developmental theory (Piaget)
IV. Moral Reasoning theory (Kohlberg)
V. Psychosocial theory (Erikson)
VI. Spiritual Development theory (Al-Ghazali)
THE END