Unit IV

Unit 4
Non-Destructive Insulation Testing

Techniques and Insulation
Coordination
25/3/2019 REVA University 1

What is Non-destructiveTesting?
• It is a wide group of analysis techniques used in science,
industry & Engineering to evaluate the properties of
Insulating material, component or system without causing
damage.
• It is very difficult to test the quality of insulating material
after it forms part of equipment, suitable tests must be done
to ensure in the said range of operation.
• Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) is ensure that the material is
not destroyed as in the case of high voltage testing.
• NDT helps to estimate the electrical properties such as
Resistivity, Dielectric loss angle & loss factor , Partial
Discharges over a wide frequency range.
• NDT is commonly used in electrical engineering , mechanical
engineering, petroleum engineering, civil engineering,
systems engineering, aeronautical engineering, medicine,
and art.
DC RESISTIVITY
Requirements to measure resistivity
• For a solid specimen, the preferable shape is a
flat plate with plane and parallel surfaces,
usually circular. The specimens are normally in
the form of discs of 5 to IO cm diameter and 3 to
12 mm thickness
• For accurate measurements, the electrodes
should have very good contact with the surface
of the insulator specimen

DC RESISTIVITY MEASURING CIRCUITS

• The galvanometer G is first calibrated by using a

standard resistance of 1 to 10 MΩ (± 0.5% or± 1%).
• The deflection in cm per microampere of current
is noted
• After the specimen (with resistance of Rp) is
inserted in the circuit and maintaining the same
supply voltage, the galvanometer current is
observed by adjusting the universal shunt, if
necessary
• The galvanometer gives a maximum sensitivity of 10~9
A/cm deflection and a D.C amplifier has to be used along
with the galvanometer for higher sensitivities (up to
10~12 to 10~13 A/cm).
• The resistance of the specimen is given by

• Switch B is used to discharge the specimen after the
measurements are complete and as well as for the initial
discharging before the measurements are undertaken

MEGAOHM METER
• A megohmmeter is a high resistance meter dedicated to
measure an ohmic value under a direct voltage of great
stability .
• To measure a high value resistance, techniques for measuring
a low value current are used.
• A constant voltage source (DC Voltage) is applied to the
resistance to be measured and the resulting current is read on
a highly sensitive ammeter circuit that can display the
resistance value (in MΩ, GΩ, TΩ).
• A Megohmmeter is also called a high resistance tester, a
teraohmmeter , a megger, a high insulation tester

MEGAOHM METER
• A Megohmmeter is also used to detect insulation failure
within motors and transformers.
• This is achieved by inducing high voltages into the windings
of these electrical components.
• The introduction of a large amount of voltage will result in
the detection of weakened insulation; most likely will lead
to motor failure or transformer short-circuiting.
• The voltages used in Megger insulation testing can range
from 50 V to 5000 V.
• By inducing a high voltage into the windings of a motor or
transformer, you will be able to detect if there is insulation
deterioration. If so, current will flow out of the windings.
MEGAOHM METER
1&2- Control and Deflecting Coil 7-DC generator or Battery

4&3- Scale and Pointer 8- Permanent magnet
5&6- Pressure and current coil

MEGAOHM METER CONSTRUCTION
1 and 2: Control and Deflecting Coil
They are typically mounted to each other at an angle of 90 degrees and
linked to the generator in a parallel manner. The polarities are in such a
way that the torque developed by these coils is in opposite direction.
3 and 4: Scale and Pointer
A pointer is tied to the coils and end of the pointer moves on a meter scale
having a range between “zero” and “infinity”. The scale is calibrated in
“ohms”.
5 and 6: Pressure Coil and Current Coil resistances
They provide protection against any damage in case of low external
resistance under test.
7: D.C generator or battery connection
In manually operated megger, a DC generator provides test voltage while
in digital type megger, this is done by battery or voltage charger.
8: Permanent Magnets
Permanent magnets generate a magnetizing effect in order to deflect the
pointer.
MEGAOHM-METER OPERATION
The voltage for testing is supplied by a hand generator incorporated in the
instrument or by battery or electronic voltage charger. It is usually 250V or
500V and is smaller in size.
• A test volt of 500V D.C is suitable for testing equipment operating at 440V
A.C. and Test voltage of 1000V to 5000V is used for high voltage systems.
• The current carrying coil (deflecting coil) is connected in series and carries
the current taken by the circuit under test. The pressure coil (control coil)
is connected across the circuit.
• Current limiting resistor – CCR and PCR are connected in series with
pressure and current coil to prevent damage in case of low resistance in
the external source.
• In hand generator, the armature is moving in the field of a permanent
magnet or vice versa, to generate a test voltage by electromagnetic
induction effect.
MEGAOHM METER OPERATION
• With an increase of potential voltage across the external circuit, the
deflection of the pointer increases; and with an increase of current, the
deflection of pointer decrease so the resultant torque on the movement
is directly proportional to the potential difference and inversely
proportional to the resistance.
• When the external circuit is open, torque due to voltage coil will be
maximum and the pointer will read “infinity”. When there is short circuit
the pointer will read “0”.

MEGAOHM METER
HOW TO USE MEGAOHM METER
• Isolate the equipment to be tested from all power circuits

• Connect leads to the appropriate terminals for insulation
testing
• Set the function switch to the desired voltage the meter will
induce into the electrical component
• Connect tips of the test leads to the equipment to be tested.
• Follow the equipment manual and begin the test.

DIELECTRIC LOSS
• Dielectric loss measure the quantity of a dielectric
material’s inherent dissipation of electromagnetic
energy converted into heat.
• The dielectric loss can be expressed in terms of loss
angle δ.
• An efficient dielectric material supports a varying
charge with minimal dissipation of energy in the
form of heat.

Dielectric loss angle
• Tan δ is called as loss angle or dissipation factor testing or loss
tangent.
• Helps to determine the quality of the cable insulation.
• The cable and its insulation is compared to a parallel plate
capacitor.
• In a perfect capacitor, the voltage and current are phase
shifted 90 degrees.
• If there are impurities in the insulation, like water trees,
electrical trees, moisture and air pockets, etc. the
resistance of the insulation decreases.
• Resulting in an increase in resistive current through the
insulation.
• It is no longer a perfect capacitor 16
Dielectric loss angle contd..
• Resulting in an increase in resistive current
through the insulation.
• It is no longer a perfect capacitor.
• The current and voltage will no longer be shifted 90
degrees. It will be something less than 90 degrees.
• The extent to which the phase shift is less than 90 degrees
is indicative of the level of insulation
contamination/DIELECTRIC LOSS
• This “Loss Angle” is measured and analyzed.

Dielectric Loss angle contd..
• Fig represents an equivalent circuit of a cable, The
tangent of the angle δ ismeasured
tan δ= IR/ IC
• Perfect cable insulation δ=0

• tan δ helps to find out the life expectancy of
dielectrics
How to measure dielectric lossand
loss angle of a dielectricmaterial?
By using the following devices
1.HIGH VOLTAGE SCHERING BRIDGE

2.TRANSFORMER RATIO ARM BRIDGE

What is Schering Bridge?
• The Schering Bridge is an electrical circuit used for
measuring the insulating properties of electrical
cables and equipment.
• Accurate value of capacitance can be
measured by using Schering bridge.
• It is used to measure insulationproperties
such asdielectric loss and loss angle.
• It has the advantage that the balance
equation is independent of frequency.
Schering Bridge

ScheringBridge
• The lossy capacitor or capacitor with the dielectric between electrodes is
represented as an imperfect capacitor of capacitance Cx together with a
resistance rx.
• The standard capacitor is shown as Cs which will usually have a capacitance
of 50 to 500 mF. The variable arms are R4 and C3 R3. Balance is obtained
when

Schering Bridge
The balance equations are:

ScheringBridge
The lossy capacitor which is made as an equivalent Cx in
series with rx can be represented as a parallel combination of
Cx and Rx where the parallel combination Rx is found to be
with Cx having the same value.

ScheringBridge
• The normal method of balancing is by fixing the value of R3
and adjusting C3 and R4.
• R4 will be a decade box with 5 to 6 decade dials.
• The range of R4 is between 0.01 to 10 k ohm
• This range adequately takes care of the errors due to
contact resistances
• Stray capacitance effects across R4 which are usually very
small.
• It is important to see that the resistances are pure and not
reactive and the standard capacitor has negligible tan δ (air
or gas Filled capacitor is used).
ScheringBridge
• The arrangement shown in Fig. is suitable when the test
specimen is not grounded.
• The low voltage arms of the bridge (R4 and R3 II C3) and the
detector are enclosed in grounded shielded boxes to avoid stray
capacitances during the measurements.
• The detector is either a vibration galvanometer or in modern
bridges a tuned electronic null detector of high sensitivity.
• The protective gaps G are so arranged that the low voltage arms
are protected from high voltages in case the test objects fail.
• The values of the impedances of the low voltage arms are such
that the voltage drop across EB or FB does not exceed 10 to 20 V.
• The arms will be usually rated for a maximum instantaneous
voltage of 100 V.

ScheringBridge
• For a very accurate measurement of the dissipation factor at
power frequency, the stray and grounded capacitances should be
eliminated and the indirect capacitive and inductive coupling of
the arms are to be minimized to a level lower than the accuracy
of the bridge arms.
• In this bridge the main source of error is the ground capacitance

of the low voltage terminals of high voltage arms, i.e. the stray
capacitances from E and F to ground.
• These are eliminated by shielding the low voltage arms using

doubly shielded cables for connections and using the “Wagner
earthing device".
ScheringBridge
Numerical Example
A Schering bridge was used to measure the capacitance and loss angle
of a h.v. bushing. At balance, the observations were: the value of the
standard condenser = 100 pF, R3 = 3180 Ω, C3 = 0.00125 µF and R4 =
636 Ω. What are the values of capacitance and tan δ of the bushing ?

Partial Discharge (PD)
• Partial discharge (PD) is a localized dielectric breakdown of a
small portion of a solid or fluid electrical insulation system
under high voltage stress.
• The distance between two electrode is only partially bridged.
• PD is responsible for reducing the insulation strength.
• PD can occur in a gaseous, liquid or solid insulating medium.
• It often starts within gas voids, such as voids in solid epoxy
insulation or bubbles in transformer oil.
• PD usually begins within voids, cracks, or inclusions within a
solid dielectric , at conductor-dielectric interfaces within solid
or liquid dielectrics, or in bubbles within liquid dielectrics.
• Since PDs are limited to only a portion of the insulation
• PD can also occur along the boundary between different
insulating materials.
Partial Discharge (PD)
• Partial discharge that only partially bridges the dielectrics or
insulating between two conductors.
• Examples of partial discharge:
Internal discharge (voids in a dielectric material) , surface
discharge (Discharge from the conductor into gas or liquid or
solids) & corona discharge.
• Partial discharges which in course of time reduce the strength
of insulation leading to a total or partial failure or breakdown
of insulation.

Partial Discharge
• The equivalent circuit of a dielectric incorporating a
cavity can be modeled as a capacitive Voltage divider in
parallel with another capacitor.

Reasons for Partial Discharge
• Poor design of insulation
• Failure during manufacturing or assembling
• Normal ageing
Projections
• Degradation
microvoids
Cracks
Types of partial Discharge
1. Corona or gas discharge- due to non uniform
field, sharp edge of electrodes etc.
2. Surface discharge- interfacing of different
dielectric material results over stress
3.Cavity discharge- over stress due to cavities
4.Treeing channels
Partial Discharge Equivalent Circuit
• If there are any partial discharges in a dielectric material, these can
be measured only across its terminal.
• Figure shows a simple capacitor arrangement in which a gas filled
void is present. The partial discharge in the void will take place as
the electric stress in the void is er times the stress in the rest of the
material where er is the relative permittivity of the material.
• Due to geometry of the material, various capacitances are formed as
shown in Fig (a).
• Flux lines starting from electrode and terminating at the void will
form one capacitance Cb1 and similarly Cb2 between electrode B and
the cavity.
• Cc is the capacitance of the void. Similarly Ca1 and Ca2 are the
capacitance of healthy portions of the dielectric on the two sides of
the void. Fig. (b) shows the equivalent of 6.19 (a) where Ca = Ca1 +
Ca, and Cb = Cb1Cb2/(Cb1 + Cb2) and Cc is the cavity capacitance. In
35
general Ca >> Cb >> Cc.
Partial Discharge Equivalent Circuit

PD Phenomenon : Terminology Used
•Electrical discharge: The movement of electrical charges through an
insulating (dielectric) medium, initiated by electron avalanches.
•Partial discharge: An electrical discharge that only partially bridges

the dielectric or insulating medium between two conductors.
•Average current: The average value of the discharge current during a

cycle due to a single or multiple discharges. Ia, the average current over
an interval T can be expressed as
•Resolution: the minimum interval between two discharges which can

be measured without the magnitude of one discharge affecting the other.
•Quadratic Rate: the average value of the square of the discharge

magnitudes. D, the quadratic rate is given as

Need for discharge detectors in
dielectric measurement
• Detectors are available in the wide range of frequency
• Selection of detectors depends on bridge circuit&
applications.
• Dc measurements- dc galvanometer & dcamplifier with
micro ammeter.
• Power frequency measurements-vibration
galvanometer.
• Audio frequency range-tuned null detectors.
• CRO can be used as a detector , if the requirement
of sensitivity is verylow.

Discharge Detection Methods
• Various methods are available for measuring
discharge detection especially for analyzing
Partial Discharge (PD).
• Partial discharges on insulation can be
measured not only by electrical methods but
also by optical, acoustic and chemical method
also.
25/3/2019 REVAUniversity 28
Discharge Detection Methods
• Various methods are available for measuring
discharge detection especially for analyzing
Partial Discharge (PD).
1.Discharge Detection using ‘straight detectors’
2.Balanced detection methods
3.Narrow band &Wide band circuits
25/3/2019 REVAUniversity 28
1.Discharge Detection using ‘straight
detectors’

Component descriptions of ‘straight
detectors’
• HV Transformer is free from discharge
• The resonant filter is used to prevent any pulses
starting from the capacitance of the windings and
bushings of the transformer
• Cx is the test object- 100 pF to 0.1pF
• Cc is the coupling capacitor
• Zm is the detection impedance
• The signal is developed across detection impedance Zm
• Then the signal is passed through band pass filter
(10kHz frequency) ,amplifier anddisplayed Unit (on the
CRO & multi channel analyzerunit).

Discharge patterns
Input side

Discharge patterns - corona

Discharge patterns – voids in
insulating materials

Discharge patterns – voids in
insulating materials

Drawbacks of straight detectors
• Noise problems.
• The filter used to block the noisesources may
not be effective.
• External disturbances are not fully rejected.
• Tuning of filters is a difficult task.

2.Discharge Detection using ‘Balanced
Detection Method’
• Two methods
1.Balance Detector using ScheringBridge
2.Balance Discharge Detector Schemes

(Differential detector)

1. Balance Detector using Schering
Bridge
• In this method test object is not grounded.
• The bridges are tuned & balanced at 50Hz.
• External interferences from outside isbalanced
out.
• A filter is used across the detector terminals to
block 50Hz components present & pass thesignals
in between 5 to 50kHz (Bandpass filter).
• Only internally generated pulses (from thetest
object) are detected.
• Internally generated pulse signal is amplified by
using an amplifier.
• CROgives the display of pulsepattern.
Circuit arrangement for Balance
Detector by using Schering Bridge
Band pass Amplifier CRO

filter

2.Balanced Discharge Detection
Scheme (Differential Detector)
• Modified scheme of balanced dischargedetection
using Scherings bridge.
• Another test sample called dummy sampleis used in
the place of standardcapacitor
• Capacitance and tan δ of dummy coil & test sample
are made approximately equal, but not exactly
equal.
• Advantages- i)capacity for better rejection of
external noises, ii) better resolution & iii)wide
frequency band
• Drawbacks – If two discharges occur in both samples
simultaneously , they cancel out, butthis is very
rare.
7/21/ 2017 REVAUniversity 39
Circuit for Balanced Discharge Detection
Scheme (Differential Detector)
Band pass Amplifier CRO

filter

Important Terms in NDT
1.Disruptive Discharge Voltage-
The voltage which produces the loss of dielectric strength of an
insulation.
Effects:
• Collapse of voltage & passage current
• Permanent loss for solid dielectrics, temporary loss for liquid
and gaseous dielectrics.
2.Flashover-when a discharge taking place in between two

electrodes in a gas or liquid is called flashover.
3.Puncture-when the discharge occur through solid insulation

medium is called puncture

4. Withstand voltage- The voltage which has to be applied to a test
object under specified condition in a withstand test is called withstand
voltage. ( as per IS:731 & IS:2099-1963)
5. Fifty per cent flashover voltage – This is the voltage which has a
probability of 50% flashover when applied to a test object which
results loss of insulation strength temporarily.
6. Hundred per cent flash over voltage-The voltage ,that causes a

flash over at each of its applications under specified conditions , when
applied to test objects as specified, is 100% flash over voltage
7. Creepage Distance- It is the shortest distance along the surface of a

solid insulating material between two conductive parts.
8. AC Test Voltage- Alternating test voltage should have power frequency in

the range of 40 to 60 Hz and approximately sinusoidal. The deviation
allowed for the sinusoidal wave is 7%. The deviation is checked by
measuring peak value, average vale & RMS value continuously.
9. Impulse Voltage- Impulse voltages are characterized by polarity,
peak value, time to front, and time to half the peak value after the
peak.
10. Reference Atmospheric Condition

 The electrical characteristics of the insulators and other apparatus are
normally referred to the reference atmospheric conditions.
 According to the Indian Standard Specifications

 Based on British Standard Specifications
 The flashover voltage of the test object is given by

 The air density correction factor is given by,
Where,

Insulation Coordination
Contents
•Introduction
•Necessity of insulation coordination
•Insulation problem
•Ideal requirement of protectivedevices
•Volt-time characteristics
•Line insulation
•Surge arrestor selection
•Location of lightning arrestor
Insulation coordination 5
8
Introduction
• The selection of suitable values for the
insulation levels of the varies component in
any electrical system and their arrangement in
a rational manner is called insulation
coordination.
• Insulation level of anapparatus
– It is defined as that combination of voltage values
(power frequency and impulse frequency) which
characterise its insulation with regards to its
capability of withstanding the dielectricstress.
9
Necessity of insulation coordination
• To ensure reliability and continuity to the utility
concern.
• To minimize the no of failure of lines and
substations due to overvoltages.
• To minimize the cost involved in the design,
installation and operation of protective devices.
• To maintain the flashover should be minimum for
insulators so that the system disturbances are less.
0
Insulation Problem
• It occurs due to following
– Determination of line insulation
– Selection of Basic Impulse Insulation level (BIL)
and the insulation of other equipment
– Selection of lightning arrester.
1
• Lightning Impulse Withstand level (or) BIL
– Basic impulse level is established for each system
nominal voltage for different equipment. Various
equipment should have their BIL value above the
system protection level using lightning arresters by
a suitable margin.
• For voltage < 400kv
– If BIL is chosen correctly, the equipment will have
an adequate switching surge level
• For voltage > 400kv
– Switching surge magnitude are higher than the
lightning over voltage, then certain condition to
be adopted.
Ideal requirement for a protective devices :
• It should not usually flashover for power
frequency over voltages.
• The volt-time char of the devices must be lie
below the withstand voltage of insulation.
• It should be capable of discharging high
energy contained in surges and recover
insulation strength quickly.
• It should not allow power frequency follow on
current to flow.
Insulation 63
coordinati
Volt-Time Characteristics
• Proper insulation coordination would ensure
that the volt time char of the equipment will
lie above the volt time char of the protective
devices as shown.
64
• Case (i): Assuming the surge voltage rise is
shown in curve 1,
– The rate of rise of surge is less than thecritical
slope (curve X)
– The rod gap flashes and protects the transformer
insulation.
• Case (ii): Assuming the surge voltage rise is
shown in curve 2,
– The rate of rise of surge is greater than thecritical
slope (curve X)
– The rod gap cannot protects the transformer and
only surge arrester can protect the transformer.
Insulation 65
coordinati
Line Insulation
• The insulation of line is based on the consideration
of lightning and switching surges and power
frequency over voltages.
• The line insulation must be provided to prevent a
flash over due to power frequency and switching
surges and also considering rain, dust, insulator
pollution factor.
• Sometimes one or two disc in the string insulator
may be defective.
• So, lines upto 220kv, one extra disc must be provided
and for upto 400kv, twoextra disc must be provided.
Insulation 66
coordinati
• The line insulation is not directly related to the
insulation level of the stationequipment.
• But the impulse flash over of the line insulators
determines the highest surge voltage that can
travel into the station from a distance.
• Over head guard wires are used to protect the
line and should be kept at proper distance above
secondary line conductor.
Insulation 67
coordinati
Surge Arrester Selection
• The selection of surge arrester voltage rating for
EHVand UHVsystem depends on
– The rate of rise voltage
– Operating char
• The following types of arresters are used for this
purpose
– Silicon carbide arresters with spark gap
– Silicon carbide arrester with current limitinggap.
– Zinc oxide or gapless metal oxide arrester
Insulation 68
coordinati
• Advantage of ZnO arrester for EHVsystem
– Simple in consideration
– Flat V-I char over a wide current range
– The absence of a spark gap that produces steep
voltage gradients when sparking occurs.
• Disadvantage of ZnO arrester
– Continues flow of power frequencycurrent.
– Power loss is high.
Insulation 69
coordinati
Location of lightning arrester
• Lightning arrester should be installed on the
transformer terminal, considering the following
factor
– Shielding against the direct strokes
– BILof the transformer winding
– BIL of the circuit breaker, isolator and other
substation equipment.
– Residual discharge voltage of lightning arrester
– No of line entering into thesubstation
– Construction of over head line
– Layout of substations.
Insulation 70
coordinati
Equipment insulation level and insulation
coordination of substation
• The component of the substation are transformer,
circuit breaker, isolators, instrument transformer.
• Insulation coordination of substation involves the
number of location of surge arrester to be decided to
minimize the overall cost.
• To protect the transformer in high voltage substation,
the arrester must be provided between transformer
and circuit breaker.
• The protective level of the substation insulation
depends on,
– The station location
– The protective of arrester
– Line shielding used.
Insulation 71
coordinati
The Ideal requirements of a Protective Device in
HV and EHV Power Systems
1. The flashover voltage of a protective device is chosen such that
it will not operate for switching overvoltages and other power
frequency and its harmonic overvoltages.
2. For EHV systems, it may be economical to use a protective
device for limiting the overvoltages due to lightning as well as
switching surges to a particular level.
3. It should not usually flashover for power frequency
overvoltages.
4. The volt-time characteristics of the device must lie below the
withstand voltage of the protected apparatus or insulation. The
marginal difference between the above two should be adequate
to allow for the effects of distance, polarity, atmospheric
conditions, changes in the characteristics of the devices due to
various factors, etc.
5. It should be capable of discharging high energies contained in
surges and recover insulation strength quickly.
Selection criteria of surge arrester voltage rating for
EHV and UHV systems & Types of surge arrester.
i. The rate of rise of voltage,

ii. The type of system to be handled, i.e. whether
effectively grounded or grounded through an
impedance etc., and
iii. Operating characteristic of the diverter.
The usual type of surge diverters used for the above

purposes are
a) Silicon carbide arresters with spark gaps,

b) Silicon carbide arresters with current limiting gaps,
and
c) The gapless metal oxide (zinc oxide) arresters.
References
1. “High voltage engineering ” by M SNaidu and VKamaraju,
Tata McGraw Hill Education, 5th edition.
2. “High voltage engineering ” by M.Jeraldin Ahila, A.R.S.
Publication, 1st edition.
3. “High voltage engineering ” by CL Wadwa
Insulation coordination
74
THANK YOU

Unit IV

Încărcat de

Informații document

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Unit IV

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Unit 4

Non-Destructive Insulation Testing

25/3/2019 REVA University 1

25/3/2019 REVA University 3

25/3/2019 REVA University 4

• The galvanometer G is first calibrated by using a

25/3/2019 REVA University 6

25/3/2019 REVA University 7

25/3/2019 REVA University 8

1&2- Control and Deflecting Coil 7-DC generator or Battery

25/3/2019 REVA University 10

25/3/2019 REVA University 13

• Isolate the equipment to be tested from all power circuits

25/3/2019 REVA University 14

25/3/2019 REVA University 15

25/3/2019 REVA University 17

• Perfect cable insulation δ=0

1.HIGH VOLTAGE SCHERING BRIDGE

25/3/2019 REVA University 19

25/3/2019 REVA University 21

25/3/2019 REVA University 22

25/3/2019 REVA University 23

with Cx having the same value.

25/3/2019 REVA University 24

25/3/2019 REVA University 26

• In this bridge the main source of error is the ground capacitance

• These are eliminated by shielding the low voltage arms using

25/3/2019 REVA University 28

25/3/2019 REVA University 30

25/3/2019 REVA University 31

3.Cavity discharge- over stress due to cavities

25/3/2019 REVA University 36

•Partial discharge: An electrical discharge that only partially bridges

•Average current: The average value of the discharge current during a

•Resolution: the minimum interval between two discharges which can

•Quadratic Rate: the average value of the square of the discharge

25/3/2019 REVA University 37

25/3/2019 REVA University 38

25/3/2019 REVA University 41

25/3/2019 REVA University 42

25/3/2019 REVA University 43

25/3/2019 REVA University 44

25/3/2019 REVA University 45

25/3/2019 REVA University 46

25/3/2019 REVA University 47

1.Balance Detector using ScheringBridge

2.Balance Discharge Detector Schemes

25/3/2019 REVA University 48

Band pass Amplifier CRO

25/3/2019 REVA University 50

Band pass Amplifier CRO

25/3/2019 REVA University 52

2.Flashover-when a discharge taking place in between two

3.Puncture-when the discharge occur through solid insulation

25/3/2019 REVA University 53

6. Hundred per cent flash over voltage-The voltage ,that causes a

7. Creepage Distance- It is the shortest distance along the surface of a

8. AC Test Voltage- Alternating test voltage should have power frequency in

10. Reference Atmospheric Condition

25/3/2019 REVA University 55

 The flashover voltage of the test object is given by

25/3/2019 REVA University 56

25/3/2019 REVA University 57

i. The rate of rise of voltage,