06 - Stability Presentation

Vessel Stability
Dan Hardin
Commercial Fishing Industry Vessel Safety Coordinator
U. S. Coast Guard
Marine Safety Office, Seattle WA
Overview
• Watertight Integrity
• Vessel Subdivision
• Vessel Loading
• Intact Stability
• Damage Control
Stability
• The ability of a vessel to return to the
upright position after being heeled by an
external force.
Heel
Stability Concepts
Heel
Stability Concepts
Heel
Stability Concepts
Heel
Stability Concepts
Heel
Stability Concepts
Heel
Stability Concepts
Heel
Stability Concepts
Why boats float
• The weight of a boat
• equals
• the weight of water it

displaces
Stability Concepts
Why boats float
• equals

displaces
Stability Concepts
Why boats float
• equals

displaces
Stability Concepts
Buoyancy
Stability Concepts
Buoyancy
Stability Concepts
Buoyancy
Stability Concepts
Buoyancy
Stability Concepts
Buoyancy
Stability Concepts
Buoyancy
Stability Concepts
Buoyancy
Stability Concepts
Buoyancy
Stability Concepts
Buoyancy
Stability Concepts
Buoyancy
Stability Concepts
Buoyancy
Stability Concepts
Buoyancy
Stability Concepts
Maintaining Watertight Integrity
• Goal: To provide the vessel with a proven
means to minimize the effects of flooding.
Page 5
Vessel Hull
Bulkhead deck
The uppermost deck to which watertight

bulkheads extend, commonly the main deck.
Maintaining W/T Integrity - Vessel

Hull Page 5
Watertight Hatches & Doors
• Watertight closures
prevent water from
entering the watertight
enclosure of the hull.
• Water is extra weight

reducing vessel
freeboard and
increasing free surface
effect dangers. Maintaining W/T Integrity - Vessel
Hull Page 7
• Know the location of
all watertight closures.
• Inspect all watertight

closures for condition.

Hull Page 7
• Inspect the operation
of dogs, gaskets and
sealing surfaces.

Hull Page 7
• Closures should be
closed and dogged
while underway unless
actually in use, to
prevent downflooding.

Hull Page 7
• Don’t allow cargo or
deck gear to block
weathertight closures
or any other doorway

Hull Page 7
• Don’t paint gaskets.
• Inspect to ensure
gaskets remain in
serviceable condition.
• Inspect and grease

dogs regularly.

Hull Page 7
• Always keep
portlights closed and
deadlight covers
secured when at sea.

Hull Page 7
Downflooding

Hull
Downflooding

Hull
Downflooding

Hull
Downflooding

Hull
Downflooding

Hull
Downflooding

Hull
Downflooding

Hull
Downflooding

Hull
Downflooding

Hull
Downflooding

Hull
Downflooding

Hull
Recommend Practices
• Watertight condition of the deck, house and side
shell must be maintained.
• Discharge piping penetrating the hull should be
fitted with check and positively closing valves
• Inlet piping should be fitted with positive
closing valves located at the shell plating.
• Deckhouse openings should be fitted with
weathertight doors.
Hull Page 6
Recommended Practices
• Doors should be steel or equivalent material
permanently attached to the bulkhead
• Weathertight doors should open outward and
be fitted with a minimum or two dogging
devices in addition to hinges.
• All emergency doors should be quick acting.
• Propulsion machinery spaces above the
bulkhead deck should be watertight.
Hull Page 6
Vessel Subdivision
Subdivision
Watertight transverse bulkheads up to

bulkhead deck down to the keel

Subdivision Page 5
Subdivision

Subdivision
Subdivision

Subdivision
Subdivision

Subdivision
Subdivision

Subdivision
Recommend Practices
• Vessel should be subdivided with collision
bulkhead and watertight bulkheads.
• Collision bulkhead be stepless and intact up
to the bulkhead deck. (No doors/scuttles)
• Penetrations shall include valves operable
from aft of the collision bulkhead and above
the bulkhead deck.
• All pipe penetrations shall be as far inboard
and high as practicable
• Minimize the number of pipe penetrations.
Subdivision Page 8
Recommend Practices
• Ensure watertight bulkheads watertight.
• Machinery spaces should be enclosed by
W/T bulkheads (Engine room, auxiliary
equipment).
• W/T bulkheads with openings should be
quick acting W/T doors and should always
be kept closed.
• Watertight doors should open outward from
the machinery space.
Subdivision Page 5-6
Vessel Loading
Freeing ports
Deck
Freeboard
Draft
Page 9
Vessel Loading
Adding weight reduces freeboard and reduces

reserve buoyancy
Page 9
Vessel Loading
Reserve buoyancy lost

Page 9
Vessel Loading
Reserve buoyancy
Page 9
Vessel Loading

Page 9
Vessel Loading

Page 9
• Keep weight low in the vessel.
• Avoid adding weight above the main deck.
• Secure gear and catch to prevent loads from
shifting.
• Limit duration of side lifting operations.
• Minimize number of partially filled tanks.
• Do not overload.
• Keep freeing ports clear.
Vessel Loading
Page 9
Stability
Center of Buoyancy
Stability Definitions
Page 10
Center of Buoyancy
The point through which the force of buoyancy
acts vertically upwards (B)
Page 10
Center of Gravity
Center of Gravity (G) is a downward force
Page 10
Center of Gravity
(G) rises and falls when weights are moved,
added, and/or removed.
Fish
Page 10
Center of Gravity
G
B
Fish
Page 10
Metacenter
G
B
Page 11
Metacenter
Can be considered as being the pivot point
when the vessel is being inclined.
M
G
B
Page 11
Metacenter
Page 11
Metacenter
Page 11
Metacenter
Page 11
Metacenter
Page 11
Metacenter
Page 11
Metacenter
Page 11
Roll Period
Shorter Roll Period
Stable
M
G
B
The distance between G and M referred to as

GM is the Metacentric Height
This vessel has positive GM

Page 11
Roll Period
Longer Roll Period
Unstable
G
M
This vessel has negative GM

Page 11
Uncontrolled Weight Movements
M
G
Page 12
Uncontrolled Weight Movements
Page 12
Free Surface Effect
G M
Page 13
Free Surface Effect
G M
Page 13
Free Surface Effect
M
G
Unsecured Loads
Live Tank
M
G
B
Unsecured Loads
• Limit free surface effect by minimizing the
width of tanks and the number of partially
filled tanks.
• Install bin boards in center of wide fish
holds.
• Secure all loads.
• Devise a system to secure each item like
crab pots while loading or off loading.
Maintaining Intact Stability
Goal: To maintain intact stability of your vessel at all
times of operation
• Adequate intact stability:
– Established when the vessel is built and initially
outfitted for operation.
– When the vessel at rest possesses characteristics
of the stable condition.
– Intact stability is considered to be adequate if
GM is > 2’.
– Older vessels designed with GM 1.6 to 2’.
Check with a marine architect.
Page 13
• Ensure vessel maintains adequate intact
stability prior to getting underway, will be a
tremendous benefit when vessel is exposed
to forces of fishing and the sea.
• Have vessel stability evaluated by a
qualified individual.
Intact Stability
Page 13
Important Factors Affecting
Vessel Stability
M
G
B
Page 14
Vessel Stability
M
G
Load Height
Page 14
• Minimize the height of traps or pots on
deck.
• Ice can collect on traps increasing Center of
Gravity.
Load Height
Page 14
Vessel Stability
Live Tank
M
G
Live Tanks on Deck
Page 14
• Minimize the width and the number of live
tanks.
Live Tanks on Deck

Page 14
Vessel Stability
Live Tank
M
G
Suspended Weight
Page 15
Vessel Stability
Live Tank
M
G
Page 15
Vessel Stability
Vessel slips out from beneath weight
Page 15
Vessel Stability
Live Tank
M
G
Restrain load to prevent vessel slip
Page 15
• Minimize the duration of these operations.
• Exercise extreme caution when lifting over
the side or quarters as change in center of
gravity is even more significant.
• Ensure to prevent the suspended weight
from swinging to mitigate adverse effects.
Suspended Weights
Page 15
Vessel Stability
High Tow Points
Page 16
• After deploying, shift the towing point to a
lower location.
• Maintain the tow on the longitudinal center
line of the vessel (directly behind the
vessel).
• Avoid towing off the quarter or beam.
High Tow Points

Page 16
THE END

06 - Stability Presentation

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Vessel Stability

• the weight of water it

• the weight of water it

• the weight of water it

The uppermost deck to which watertight

Maintaining W/T Integrity - Vessel

• Water is extra weight

• Inspect all watertight

Maintaining W/T Integrity - Vessel

Maintaining W/T Integrity - Vessel

Maintaining W/T Integrity - Vessel

Maintaining W/T Integrity - Vessel

• Inspect and grease

Maintaining W/T Integrity - Vessel

Maintaining W/T Integrity - Vessel

Maintaining W/T Integrity - Vessel

Maintaining W/T Integrity - Vessel

Maintaining W/T Integrity - Vessel

Maintaining W/T Integrity - Vessel

Maintaining W/T Integrity - Vessel

Maintaining W/T Integrity - Vessel

Maintaining W/T Integrity - Vessel

Maintaining W/T Integrity - Vessel

Maintaining W/T Integrity - Vessel

Maintaining W/T Integrity - Vessel

Maintaining W/T Integrity - Vessel

Watertight transverse bulkheads up to

Maintaining W/T Integrity - Vessel

Maintaining W/T Integrity - Vessel

Maintaining W/T Integrity - Vessel

Maintaining W/T Integrity - Vessel

Maintaining W/T Integrity - Vessel

Adding weight reduces freeboard and reduces

Reserve buoyancy lost

Reserve buoyancy lost

Reserve buoyancy lost

The distance between G and M referred to as

This vessel has positive GM

This vessel has negative GM

Live Tanks on Deck

Live Tanks on Deck

Vessel slips out from beneath weight

Restrain load to prevent vessel slip

High Tow Points

High Tow Points

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