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Transportation
by
Water,ice, or wind
Deposition
(Sediment is laid down)
Compaction
Cementation
by silica or calcite
– development of more
stable minerals from less Recrystallization
stable ones - sediments are transformed
into solid rock by Compaction
Lithification and cementation
Weathering and Erosion
Weathering: The disintegration and decomposition of rock
at or near Earth’s surface.
lithified rock
unconsolidated sediment
Texture of Sedimentary Rocks
•Origin of grains-mechanical origin:
coarse grain , chemical origin : fine
grain
•Size of grains-type of weathering, nature
of parent rock , duration of transportation
•Shape of grains-round, angular , smooth
•Packing of grains-loosely packed,
densely packed
SORTING, SHAPE, SETTING
Sorting
Sphericity
Rounding
Depositional
Setting
CLASSIFICATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Two major textures are used in the classification of
sedimentary rocks
Clastic
Discrete fragments and particles
All detrital rocks have a clastic texture
Nonclastic
Pattern of interlocking crystals
May resemble an igneous rock
CLASTIC ROCKS–MADE OF CEMENTED
SEDIMENTS—ARE CLASSIFIED BY THEIR GRAIN SIZES.
CONGLOMERATE
SANDSTONE
SHALE
CONGLOMERATE (WELDED TUFF)
Non-clastic rocks - classified by their mode
of formation form. Chemical or biochemical
precipitation-Limestone is made from calcite,
chert from quartz, and halite is rock salt.
HALITE
LIMESTONE
GYPSUM
CHALK
Organic sedimentary rocks - come from the
remains of organic matter.
• The most important of
these is coal. Anthracite
coal results from the
greatest pressure and
releases the most energy
when burned. Other
varieties are bituminous
and lignite. “Petrified”
(permineralized) wood is
another organic rock.
COAL
CLASSIFICATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Sedimentary rocks are classified according to the type
of material they are comprised of or rocks derived from
them;
Divided into two major groups:
Detrital
Chemical
CLASSIFICATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Classified into two groups according to the way
they form.
Detrital Sedimentary Rocks:
Made of broken fragments of preexisting rocks.
Made of clay minerals and quartz.
Grouped according to size of the sediments in the
rocks or clastic rocks.
Examples are, Conglomerate, Sandstone, Shale
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:
Consisting of material that was precipitated from
water by either inorganic or organic means.
Examples: Limestone, rock salt, chert, flint, and
rock gypsum.
About 90% of limestones are formed from
biochemical sediments (shells/skeletons).
IDENTIFICATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
DETRITAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Sandstone
composed of sand grains
2nd most abundant sedimentary rock
deposited by moderate currents:
- rivers & deltas
- beaches
- wind (sand dunes)
mostly quartz & Feldspars(strong & chemically stable)
Sedimentary rocks
Detrital sedimentary rocks
Conglomerate
composed mostly of gravel
pebbles to boulders
poorly sorted
deposited by strong, turbulent currents:
- big flooding rivers
- steep streams (near mountains)
- glaciers
Sedimentary rocks
Detrital sedimentary rocks
Breccia
conglomerate with angular grains
Coal
buried and compacted plant material
different kinds of coal, depending on formation process
Stages in coal formation
(in order)
•1. Plant material
•2. Peat
•3. Lignite
•4. Bituminous
SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES
Useful for interpreting sedimentary environment
Strata: or beds, layers of similar sediment
(most characteristic of sedimentary rocks)
Lamina: thin layers (< 1cm)
Cross-bedding
Graded beds
Ripple marks
Mud cracks
Fossil
Joints – generally, most important structures
for engineering structures in rock or assessing
ground water flow through rock formations
Sedimentary structures (Physical features)
2. Cross-bedding
tilted bedding
Sedimentary structures (Physical features)
2. Cross-bedding
tilted bedding
commonly ancient sand dunes
(Physical features)
2. Cross-bedding
tilted bedding
commonly ancient sand dunes
Sedimentary structures (Physical features)
3. Graded beds
particles within a layer
gradually change:
coarse at bottom
fine at top
Sedimentary structures (Physical features)
3. Graded beds
particles within a layer
gradually change:
coarse at bottom
fine at top
Colorado River
Sedimentary structures (Physical features)
4. Ripple marks
wavy surfaces to sand: current ripple marks
Sedimentary structures (Physical features)
4. Ripple marks
wavy surfaces to sand: current
ripple marks
tell direction of current
Sedimentary structures (Physical features)
4. Ripple marks
wavey surfaces to sand: current
ripple marks
tell direction of current
Sedimentary structures (Physical features)
4. Ripple marks
wavy surfaces to sand: current
ripple marks
tell direction of current
Sedimentary structures (Physical features)
5. Mud cracks
sediment alternatively
wet/dry
Sedimentary structures (Physical features)
5. Mud cracks
sediment alternatively
wet/dry
shallow lakes,
desert basins
Sedimentary structures (Physical features)
5. Mud cracks
sediment alternatively
wet/dry
shallow lakes,
desert basins
flood plains
FOSSILS: EVIDENCE OF PAST LIFE
different places
DINOSAUR FOOTPRINT IN LIMESTONE
Systematic joints perturb every sedimentary rock
unit. This view shows a 1600 foot high exposure of
the Navajo Sandstone near Hildale, Utah.
JOINTS
Most cliffs are joint
controlled, by one, two, or
three sets of primary
regional systematic joints.
These joints are often open
behind the cliff face, as
shown here (Coconino
Sandstone beneath
Monument Point, North
Rim of the Grand Canyon)