In the Name of Allah, the Most Beneficient, Most

Merciful

Guidance and Navigation of

Aerospace Vehicles

March 2015
 Instructor
Umar Iqbal Bhatti
General Manager (Tech)
National Development Complex
PhD (Navigation) Imperial College London
MSc (Control Systems) KFUPM
Saudi Arabia
Post Graduate Diploma in Guidance and
Control, BUAA, Beijing
 Goal of the course

To understand working of navigation and

guidance systems used in aerospace
vehicles
 Overview, GNC

• Guidance

• Navigation

• Control
 GNC Basics

• Guidance is defining of the trajectory

• Control is the use of actuators to follow

• Navigation is finding of position, velocity

and attitude
 Layman Terms

• Guidance
knowledge of the track
• Control
Use of actuactors to follow the track
• Navigation
use eyes to compare landmarks
 IST to Zero Point

• Guidance
Ask someone the way
• Control
Use of steering, clutch, brake
• Navigation
use eyes to compare landmarks like Kak
pul, airport chowk
Location Map
 GNC Block Diagram

Desired
Path
Guidance Controller Navigation
computer Computer
+ -

Path to be followed
Satellite Launch Vehicle
Multiple Satellite Payload
Injection of Satellite Into Desired
Slot
Satellite Orbit
Slot
Path of the
space vehicle

Earth
 Injection of a Satellite by an
SLV

• Guidance
minimum fuel/minimum time & least error
• Control
Use of spacecraft rudders/electromech
actuators
• Navigation
use of radar, GPS, Star trekker and
Inertial Navigation System
Landing on an Aircraft carrier
Landing of an Aircraft
(Waypoint method)

A
B
C
D
E
F G
H I
Landing of an aircraft by use of
autopilot

• Guidance
trajectory from current position to the
airport
• Control
Use of ailerons and rudders
• Navigation
use of radar, airport landing systems,
GPS and Inertial Navigation System
Guidance and Navigation
Function

Desired Path
A’

Actual Path
 Control By Aileron

Movement
of the
Actuator
(Aileron)
Inertial Navigation System
 Navigation Systems
• Radar
• Global Positioning System
• Compass
• Omega
• Decca
• Air Data System
• Inertial Navigation System
Inertial Navigation System
 Inertial Navigation System
• Sensors are Accelerometers and
Gyroscopes
• Measurements are accelerations and
angular rates
• Navigation Computer processes this
information
• Navigation solution is position, velocity
and attitude
Cockpit Display of INS data
Global Positioning System
 GPS operation

• 33 satellites are revolving around the

Earth
• 4 satellites need to be visible
• 4 range equations are used
• Solution accuracy (civilian)
– 33 m horizontal
– 76 m vertical
GPS satellites around the Earth
 Three Segments of the GPS

Space Segment

User Segment

Control Segment

Ground
Antennas
Master Station Monitor Stations
Integrated Navigation System
 Integrated Navigation Systems

• High Accuracy

• Low cost
 Problem with INS

• High short term accuracy

• Low long term stability

• Drift and other errors are integrated over

time
 GPS advantages

• Long term stability

• Omnipresent

• 24 hr operation
Block Diagram of an Integrated
Navigation System
Guidance of Aerospace
Vehicles
 Guidance of Aerospace
Vehicles

• Tactical Missiles

• Ballistic Missiles
Guidance of SAM
Engagement Model For a
Tactical Missile
Ballistic Missile Guidance
 Guidance Algorithms

• Proportional Navigation Guidance (PNG)

– For Tactical missiles

• Lambert Guidance
– For Strategic missiles
 Summary

• Inertial Navigation

• Global Positioning System

• Integrated Navigation

• Guidance