GEOLOGI

MINERAL LOGAM
Precious Metals (Au – Ag)
INDRA SANJAYA
TOP TENS GOLD PRODUCERS (2007)
Gold Production
Source: 400
USGS 2007 Mineral Year Book Total: 1,768
(Tonnes)
350
tonnes
300 276 272
255 251
250

200 171 167

153
150
93
100 67 63
50

- South Africa

United States

Australia

Indonesia

Canada

Ghana
Russia
China

Peru

PNG
TOP TENS GOLD PRODUCERS (2010)
Source: Gold Mining Journal 2011 Total: 1,797 tonnes
Gold Production

400
(Tonnes)

350 341

300
266
250 240

200 190 190

170
150 120
100 90 90
100

50

-
Peru
China

Russia

Ghana

Canada
Australia

Indonesia

Uzbekistan
South Africa
United States
 GOLD PRODUCTION BY DEPOSIT TYPE

(Frimmel, 2008)
GOLD OVERVIEW
GOLD OVERVIEW
GOLD BEARING MINERALS
 KETERDAPATAN ENDAPAN EMAS

 High‐, intermediate‐ and low‐sulphidation

epithermal Au‐Ag
 Porphyry & Skarn deposits
 Intrusion‐related base metal‐Au
 Intrusion‐related Au
 Carlin-type sediment hosted Au deposit
 Orogenic Deposits
 Placer
SISTEM HIDROTERMAL MAGMATIK

Corbett and Leach,1998)

lithosphere-scale environments for the formation of the principal gold
deposit types ( Groves et al., 2005).
DEPOSIT MODEL (Corbett, 2005)
(Van Leuween, 2011)
Epthermal high sulphidation

 Karakteristik
Mineralogi berupa enargit, pirit, kovelit, emas murni,
elektrum logam dasar sulfida, garam sulfat, dan
telurid,
Logam yang dihasilkan berupa emas, perak dan
tembaga,
Temperatur 200°-300°C,
Salinitas 1-6 wt. % NaCl eg.,
Didominasi oleh air magmatik.
Kelompok argilik lanjut dicirikan oleh hadirnya mineral
alunit, kaolinit, pirofilit, belereng murni, diaspor,
kuarsa, zunyit, dan barit (Sillitoe dan Bonham, 1990).
Corbett and Leach,1998)
 HS EPITHERMAL Au – Ag (Motomboto)

Motomboto can be classified as a structurally

controlled system. Alteration and mineralization
are apparently controlled by rift faults parallel to
the Neogene arc (Kavalieris et al., 1992)
 HS EPITHERMAL Au – Ag (Cabang Kiri)

Cabang Kiri can be classified as a

porphyry related system. It shows
progressive cooling and decrease in
fluid pH away from the porphyry
intrusion (Perello, 1994)
 HS EPITHERMAL Au – Ag (Binabase-Bawone)

Binabase‐Bawone display aspects of both

lithological and structural control (van Leuween,
2011)
HS EPITHERMAL Au – Ag (Binabase-Bawone)
Epthermal intermediate sulphidation

 Karakteristik
Mineralization styles stockwork, disseminated, vein
and breccia‐hostedgold mineralization
colloform banded quartz + adularia + carbonate
Mineralogy chalcopyrite-covellite‐galena sphalerite
and tetrahedrite-tennantite‐molybdenite (Einaudi et al.,
2003)
Relationship with andesite to rhyodacite rocks
Epthermal intermediate sulphidation

 Karakteristik
Mineralization styles stockwork, disseminated, vein
and breccia‐hostedgold mineralization
colloform banded quartz + adularia + carbonate
Mineralogy chalcopyrite-covellite‐galena sphalerite
and tetrahedrite-tennantite‐molybdenite (Einaudi et al.,
2003)
Relationship with andesite to rhyodacite rocks
IS EPITHERMAL Au – Ag (Doup)

A resource of about 12 Mt @ 2.09 g/t Au and 4.4 g/t

Ag. The mineralization forms a pipe‐like body that
extends to a depth of at least 200m, and is 100 by
200m in diameter elongated in a NW‐SE direction
Epthermal low sulphidation

 Karakteristik
Batuan induk terdiri dari andesit kalk-alkali, dasit,
riodasit atau riolit,
Mineralogi berupa pirit, emas, hematit, tennantit,
molibdenum, dan tungsten,
Alterasi yang terjadi yaitu kuarsa-adularia, karbonat,
dan serisit,
Salinitas rendah (0-5 % NaCl),
Asal larutan dari air meteorik dan air magmatik.
Vein
distribution:
eg. Kapitu
prospect

ade of Kapitu vein:

5.5m @ 4.4 g/t Au
1m @ 7.87 g/t Au
6m @ 8.77 g/t Au
1m @ 40.3 g/t Au
2m @ 5.59Aug/t
1m @ 8.26 g/t Au
Low-sulphidation epithermal
Au Kapitu
veins veins

Bonanza
zone

Vein textures
Bonanza zone
B. CU-AU PORPHYRY DEPOSITS

S A N M A N U E L FA U LT
SAN M ANUEL
KA LA M A ZO O SEG M ENT
SEG M ENT ? ?
P r o p y lit ic ?
(C h l-E p - C a r b )
A d u l- A b
P E R IP H E R A L
? C c p -G n -S p -A u -A g P E R IP H E R A L
P h y llic ? C c p -G n -S p -A u -A g
Q tz - S e r -P y

L O W P Y R IT E
SHELL ORE SHELL
A r g illic P o ta s s ic Py ~2% Py 1%
Q tz - K ln - Q tz - K fs - B t- C c p 1 -3 %
Chl + S e r+ A n h M o 0 .0 3 %

P Y R IT E LOW G RADE
SHELL CO RE
Py ~10%
C c p 0 .1 - 3 % lo w to ta l
M o ra re C c p -P y -M o

?
Q tz -S e r - M ag>Py
C h l- S e r -
? C h l- K f s M ag>Py & C cp
E p -M a g

A
Cu-(Au) porphyry vein-veinlet system

a) Collahuasi/Chile
b) Grasberg/Irian Jaya
 Buladigun
Cu-Au porphyry,
North Sulawesi

Alteration
styles
Carlin-type sediment hosted Au deposit

Karakteristik
1. Batuan pembawa berupa sedimen karbonat
2. Kandungan Au/Ag relatif tinggi
3. Pengkayaan unsur As, Sb, Hg yang tinggi
4. Invisible atau nosseum gold
5. Kandungan logam dasar yang rendah, dan kehadiran
urat kuarsa dalam jumlah minimal
6. Batuan karbonat sebagai batuan pembawa
mengandung karbon sebanyak 0.5 % berat.

Sumber: (Bagby & Berger, 1986); Ferdock (2002)

 Carlin-style sediment hosted
Au deposit

Mesel,
Ratatotok
(North
Sulawesi)

(Hendri &
Farmer, 1997)
 Carlin-style sediment hosted
Au deposit

Fresh limestone Silicified limestone

Realgar, cinnabar (late stage) Argillic alteration

Yance-Leon Prospect, Mesel, Ratatotok

Intrusion Related Au

Conceptual model for

mineralization types in
The Western Sulawesi
Province (van Leuween,
2011)
Characteristics
 Orogenic belts, (collisional to postcollisonal)
convergent plate margin settings, extensional
back-arc environments.
 Presence of weakly reduced to moderately
oxidised, intermediate to felsic magmatism.
 Gold ± Bi, As, W, Mo, Sb, Te occurs in: single,
planar, sheeted and stockwork quartz veins
 Base metal contents are highly variable from
almost absent to assemblages of Cu-Zn-Pb-As.
Bi minerals may be well developed.
 Alteration is variable in both style and intensity.
AWAK MAS GOLD DEPOSITS

1. The gold is associated with sulphur‐poor,

sodic‐rich fluids.
2. Albite‐pyrite‐silica±carbonate alteration
associated with deformation and
metamorphism in the older basement
lithologies
3. Mineralization is typically hosted within a flysch
sequence
4. Gold is usually associated with abundant
quartz veining and silica‐albite‐pyrite alteration
(Gustavson, 2007)

Querubin & Walters, 2011

POBOYA GOLD DEPOSIT
(Wajdi dkk, 2011)
POBOYA GOLD DEPOSIT
(Wajdi dkk, 2011)
 POBOYA GOLD DEPOSIT

(Wajdi dkk, 2011)

ENDAPAN Au MESOTERMAL
 Endapan mesotermal merupakan salah satu
tipe endapan hidrotermal yang terbentuk pada
lingkungan batuan metamorfik,
 Karakteristik endapan mesotermal:
 Urat emas–kuarsa yang terdapat di sekitar
batuan metamorfik
 Ekstraksi Au dari batuan samping melalui air
kristal (H2O) dan CO2, oleh perubahan
metamorfik antara fasies sekis hijau ke
amfibolit pada T sekitar 400-600°C
 Contohnya: greenstone belts → Homstake
mine/S-Dakota, USA
 TINJAUAN PUSTAKA

DASAR TEORI

Tatanan tektonik pembentukan endapan orogenik yang berada pada batas

kontinen, zona akresi atau kolisi (Groves et al, 1998).
 CASE: BOMBANA

MINERALISASI

Mineralisasi :
•cinnabar (HgS)
•stibnit (Sb2S3).
•pirit (FeS2)
•kalkopirit
(CuFeS2)
•Goetit (FeO(OH))
 CASE: BOMBANA

ALTERASI HIDROTERMAL
Argilitisasi

Urat kuarsa

Silisifikasi Argilitisasi

karbonat

klorit

Klorit-karbonat Karbonisasi.
 CASE: BOMBANA

SIFAT FISIK-KIMIA FLUIDA ENDAPAN

CO2-rich fluid

Perkiraan zona keberadaan endapan emas orogenik yang ada di
Bombana pada model endapan orogenik (modifikasi dari Gebre-
Mariam et al., 1995).
CASE: BOMBANA
Zona keberadaan endapan emas orogenik
bombana dengan beberapa endapan
orogenik yang terdapat di Western
Australia berdasarkan korelasi nilai
temperature pembentukan (modifikasi
dari Goldfarb, 2005)
D. ENDAPAN EMAS PLACER

South African fossil placers (gold-bearing conglomerates)

PLACER GOLD DEPOSIT
2. Perak (Ag)
Ditemukan dalam bentuk
 Native silver (sebagian besar)
 Ag-sulphides.

 Native silver di temukan dalam 2 bentuk utama:

(1) Zona teroksidasi dari suatu endapan bijih.
(2) Endapan larutan hidrotermal (primer).

 Ag-sulphides, mineral utamanya:

Acanthit (Ag2S) dan aguilarit (Ag4SSe) pada endapan
hidrotermal (low sulphidation epitermal) serta argentit
(Ag2S) pada temperatur lebih tinggi.

 Ag-sulphides sering bersama-sama ruby silvers seperti

pyrargyrit (Ag3SbS3) dan proustit (Ag3AsS3). Juga sebagai
inklusi dalam galena  argentiferous galena.
Mineragrafi bijih perak dari endapan epitermal Pongkor, Indonesia

Acanthit (Ag2S) sebagai

mineral perak minor
berasosiasi dengan emas
pada endapan sulfida
rendah Pongkor, Jawa
Barat (Warmada, 2003).
Notes: Gn = galena, Po =
Pyrrhotit, Sp = Sphalerit, Uy
= Uytenbogaardtit
(Ag3AuS2), Mck =
Mckinstryit (Ag,Cu)2S, Smy
= stromeyerit (AgCuS) and
El = Au-Ag alloy ((Au,Ag).
Analisis kimia mineral dari sulfida perak dari Pongkor, Indonesia
 MAGMATIC MAGMATIC-METEORIC METEORIC

1
1 1 1

2
2 2 2

3
3 3 3

4
4 4 4
km
km km km ?

Textures: restricted Textures: diverse, modest Textures: diverse,

spectacular
INTERMEDIATE
HIGH SULFIDATION LOW SULFIDATION
SULFIDATION

Au-Ag-Cu Au-Ag, As, Cu, Sb, Bi Au-Ag

 N
IO
AT
ID
SU OW
LF
L

Stockwork, Golden Cross Vein, La Guitarra

Vein, Hishikari Vein, Golden Cross

FORM
 N
IO
AT
SU IGH
ID
LF
H

Chinkuashih La Coipa

Akeshi Sulfide vein, El Indio

FORM
Characteristic Textures
Neutral-pH, meteoric
Low-Sulfidation Acid-pH, magmatic
banded veins High-Sulfidation
breccia veins ‘vuggy quartz’
drusy cavities massive quartz
crustification massive sulfide veins
lattice texture crudely banded veins

White and Hedenquist, 1995

 La Guitarra Golden Cross

N
IO
AT
ID
SU OW
LF
L

TEXTURES Dealul Crucii, Baia Mare Aginsky