The Cell

Cycle
Cell follows definite stages of
growth, duplication and division
known as the CELL CYCLE.
This cycle involves distinct and
regular phases of growth and repair
If this cellular cycle goes out of
control, abnormal cell growth can
occur and it can be manifest in the
body of the organism
Stages of Cell Cycle
Interphase
The growth period in the
cell cycle and is divided
in three parts.
Gap 1(G1)
The cell carries out its normal
metabolic functions
Cells also increase their size as
their organelles increase in
number.
Cells spend most of their lives in
this phase, though the length
differ among cell types
Cells have a size limit.
Synthesis (S)
 The time that the cell makes a copy of the genetic
material in the form of nuclear DNA
 The cell spends considerable amount of time and
energy to make copy of its chromosomes
 DNA replication- ensures that the daughter cell
receives exact copies of the parents genetic
material during cell division
 It also produce a copy of protein complex that
will later help the cell organize its content.
 After completion, the cell continues to grow then
prepares for cell division.
Gap 2(G2)
Cellcontinues to carry out their
normal functions and also
undergo further growth
The cell make sure that
everything is in order(size and
DNA without damage)
Mitosis (M)
 Division of the nucleus and the genetic
material
 Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase,
Telophase
 The hereditary material of the parent cell is
given to the daughter cell, that leads to the
formation of two daughter cells
 The cell nuclear membrane disintegrates,
while DNA condense forming two nuclei
Cytokinesis
Divides the cytoplasm of the
cell
Begins early during telophase
and continues after the nuclei
have formed in the daughter
cell
Rates of Cell
division
 Prokaryotic cells have similar structures with
eukaryotic cells but not identical.
 Prokaryotic cells lack membrane bound
organelles and cytoskeleton that make them
divide more rapidly.
 Cell division is faster during embryonic age and
childhood.
 Cell replacement is higher in areas subjected to
lot of wear and tear (skin and intestinal layer)
 Intestinal cells(every few days)
 Intestinal lining, lung, heart, kidney (occasionally.
Injury or cell death)
 Skin cells(after a few weeks)
 Liver cells(when repaiir is needed)
 Gap 0 (G0)
 Cells are unlikely to divide but still
continue to perform normal function
 Neuron cells and heart muscle cells that
are highly differentiated or specialized that
the body cannot easily replace
 Neuron(lymphocytes)- remain in the body
until the body recognize an invader
The mechanism of cell
division
Mitosis
 Division of nucleus into genetically
identical nuclei containing the same full
set of DNA
 Prepares the cell for the cytokiniesis
Prophase: start of Mitosis
 1. Chromatin condenses into tightly coiled
chromosomes, that consists of two
identical sister chromatid
 The chromosomes are packaged into
neat bundles for an easy movement
when the division starts
 2. the nuclear envelopes breakdown
 The nucleolus also disappears.