PARAGRAPH

DEVELOPMENT
Alif Alimulhaq
Dimas Gunis Riyadi
Dina Suryani

3 CIVIL 1
 WHAT IS A
PARAGRAPH?
A paragraph is a group of sentences about one idea.

Coastal engineering is concerned with managing coastal areas.

In some jurisdictions, the terms sea defense and coastal protection mean
defense against flooding and erosion, respectively. The term coastal defense
is the more traditional term, but coastal management has become more
popular as the field has expanded to techniques that allow erosion to claim land.
 My mother is a very busy person. She works sixteen hours a
day. She goes to office early in the morning and comes back quite
late at night. Sometimes, she even works on saturday. She has no
time for play or fun.

My mother is a very busy person. My toy car is broken. The

cows are grazing in the field. The sun sets in the west. We live in
Dankhuta. My name is Kali Prasad. A mouse is a little creature.
 TYPES OF PARAGRAPH
• Descriptive Paragraph
• Narrative Paragraph
• Expository Paragraph
• Persuasive Paragraph
 Descriptive paragraph

The lights grow brighter as the earth lurches away from

the sun, and now the orchestra is playing yellow cocktail
music, and the opera of voices pitches a key higher. Laughter
is easier minute by minute, spilled with prodigality, tipped out
at a cheerful word . The groups change more swiftly, swell with
new arrivals, dissolve and form in the same breath; already
there are wanderers, confident girls who weave here and there
among the stouter and more stable, become from a sharp,
joyous moment the center of a group, and then, excited with
triumph, glide on through the sea-change of faces and voices
and color under the constantly changing light.
Narrative Paragraph

It's been almost ten years since I first ran for political
office. I was thirty-five at the time, four years out of law school,
recently married, and generally impatient with life. A seat in
the Illinois legislature had opened up, and several friends
suggested that I run, thinking that my work as a civil rights
lawyer, and contacts from my days as a community organizer,
would make me a viable candidate. After discussing it with my
wife, I entered the race and proceeded to do what every first-
time candidate does: I talked to anyone who would listen.
expository paragraph

All toilet flush tanks work about the same. When the
toilet is flushed, the trip handle lifts the tank ball, opening the
outlet and letting water flow into the bowl. When the tank is
nearly empty, the ball falls back in place over the outlet. The
float falls with the water level, opening the water-supply inlet
valve just as the outlet is being closed, and the tank is refilled
through the filler tube. Water also flows through the bowl refill
tube into the overflow pipe to replenish trap-sealing water.
persuasive paragraph
Immigration contributes to the overall health of the American
economy. Despite recent concerns expressed about illegal and some
legal immigration to the United States, this country has largely
benefited from the skills, talents, and ambition that immigrants bring
with them. American businesses gain from a good source of
affordable labor, while towns and cities are revitalized by immigrant
families who strengthen communities through civic participation and
the generation of new economic activity. The United States must
continue to welcome new arrivals and help those who are already
here; otherwise, the country will lose the advantages it has over other
industrialized countries that compete against us in the global
marketplace and seek to recruit from a vast pool of unskilled and
skilled global workers.
 Trees are useful to us. They clean the air around us. On a hot
day, they give us shade. We can use their wood to build our homes.
Trees also help to keep the environtment fresh. They provide us
oxygen.

■ Topic sentence states the main or the

general idea of the paragraph
A good topic sentence:
■ Has new information
■ Is specific
■ Is general enough to invite exploration of the topic
■ Is strong
■ Is stated in positive language
■ Is not an announcement
 WHERE IS A TOPIC
SENTENCE PLACED?
Topic Sentence at the Beginning of the
Paragraph

Civil engineering is the term for the work of designing

and building infrastructure. It usually means large structures,
like bridges, dams, buildings, and tunnels. It also covers
complicated networks such as water, irrigation and sewerage
networks. It also covers the construction
of houses and homes. Civil engineers can be involved in all
stages in the life of infrastructure, from planning
and construction to maintenance and demolition. Civil
engineering often overlaps with architecture.
Topic Sentence at the end of the Paragraph

The mountain air around a lake invigorates

and pleases me. I like a lake’s underwater life, such
as minnows and trout, and I enjoy observing the
plant life around me. Most important, a lake
usually has no chemicals because lake water is
clean,natural, and more refreshing for swimming. I
prefer swimming in a mountain lake.
Topic Sentence at the middle of the Paragraph

The bird next to me was immature. He still

had brown and tawny plumage instead of the
predominantly black color of the adult. For one
thing, he may never have seen another human
being. But there is a better explanation; in remote
Galapagos Islands, there are hardly any land
mammals, and the hawk is very nearly the sole
predator. With no enemies and almost no
competitors, it has nothing to fear and plenty to
eat.
Topic Sentence at the beginning and end of the Paragraph

Energy simply makes our daily lives more

comfortable and convenient. Suppose you wanted to
stop – and reverse – the economic progress of this
nation, what would be the surest and quickest way to do
it? Find a way to cut off the nation’s oil resources!
Industrial plants would shut down, public utilities would
stand idle, and all firms of transportation will halt. The
country would be paralyzed, and our economy would
plummet into the abyss of national economic ruin. In
short, energy is one of the reason why we have an
adequate life nowadays.
WHAT ARE SUPPORTING
SENTENCES??
The supporting sentences of a paragraph develop the main idea you
presented in the topic sentence. This development can come in the form of
define, examples, explain, reasons, description, fact etc., depending on the
purpose of your paragraph.
Supporting Sentences ....
Supporting sentences should focus on the following :

 They should provide the main supporting points for the paragraph's
main idea (topic sentence)
 There are usually 2-6 supporting sentences in a paragraph.
 They should be arranged in a logical order.
 They should NOT begin a new topic or introduce a new idea .
Practice..

High-protein diets are favored by athletes and

competitors. Many athletes eat high protein
food, such as meat, beans, and nuts. Athletes
generally eat high protein diets to give them
more energy
Concluding Sentence
The final sentence of the paragraph often reminds the reader about the
topic and main idea of the paragraph. It describes the main idea one
more time, but with different words. A concluding sentence often has one
of these four important purpose :
1. It restates the main idea
2. It offers a suggestion
3. It give an opinion
4. It makes a prediction
Restates the main idea
The following transitional words and phrase are commonly
used at the beginning of concluding sentence :

As you can see, In conclusion,

In short, In brief,
On the whole, In summary,
That”s why.. It is clear

Example :
Topic Sentence : eBook readers are excellent device for student
Concluding Sentence : it is clear that ebook readers have made student’s live much
easier
Offers a suggestion, give an opinion, or
make a prediction
A concluding Sentence can Offers a suggestion, give an opinion, or make a prediction

Example :

Topic Sentence : Snorkeling can be one of the most amazing adventures you can
ever take part in

Concluding Sentence : if you want to have one of the most beautiful experiences that
anyone can ever have, you should try snorkeling for a day
 WHAT IS TRANSITIONS
WORDS ??
 Transitions are phrases or words used to connect one ide to the next
idea

 Transitions are used by the author to help the reader progress from
one significant idea to the next

 Transitions also show the relationship within a paragraph (or within a

sentence) between the main idea and support from the author for
those ideas
Categories of Transitions Words

1. ADDITION connecting numerous elements that make up

something bigger

 Moreover, Furthermore, Besides, In addition, In addition to, also, again, as

well as, coupled with, similarly, etc..

For examples :
■ I believe that I can complete the marathon in under 3 hours. Furthermore, I
believe that I can win it.
■ Dimas is busy at the office in addition he has to manage his business too.
 2. CONTRAST connecting two things by focusing on their
differences.

However, Nevertheless, Unluckily, Unfortunately, On the other

hand, In contrast, Conversely, etc..

For examples :
• If you think it's a good idea, you should participate. Conversely, if
you think it's a bad idea, you should let him know.
• They have submitted the proposals to several multinational
companies. Nevertheless, still no answer about the proposals.
 3. CONSEQUENCE connecting instigator(s) to consequence(s).

 Therefore, Thus, Consequently, Accordingly, Hence, As a result,

Otherwise, For this reason, etc..

For examples :
• I have long been interested in science and animals Therefore, I
have decided to study biology in college.
• Taylor Swift has often made a collaboration with some pop
singer. As a result, she can promote her popularity easily.
 4. SIMILARITY connecting to things by suggesting that they are
in some way alike.

Likewise, Similarity, In the same way, Similar to, Similarly, etc.

For example :
• The new president’s behavior is similar to those of the formers.
• The Shady’s has run out of stock, likewise the store in the
crossroad.
 5. CHRONOLOGY Connecting what issues in regard to
when they occur.

After, Afterwards, During, Later, Now, Next, Once, While, Always,

For example :
• We played tennis, afterwards we swam.
• In the morning, I woke up late , at 6 morning. Then, water in the
bath tub was empty so I waited until it was filled of water. After that,
the school bus left me alone. I run to the school and finnaly I came
late to school
 6. EXAMPLE connecting a general idea to a
particular instance of this idea.

As an, for example, illustration, that is, specifically, to illustrate,

etc..

For example :
• My favorite thing to study about language is
semantics, specifically how words and meanings change over time.
• Social security, for example, is the responsibility of our government.
 7. LOCATION connecting elements according to where they
are placed in relationship to each other.

 above, below, centrally, here, nearby, opposite to, there, wherever, etc…

For example : With a good education in English, wherever you go, you will have a
good time.

8. CONCLUSION shows that the discussion of an idea is

complete

finally, all in all, lastly, in the end, in conclusion, to conclude, etc…

For example :
• All in all, they love each other.
• in the end, with the delay, this project could still be completed on time.
 WHEN USING TRANSITION
WORDS, REMEMBER TO:
1. Choose the transition that best conveys your meaning.
2. Note that the transitional words or phrases do not always appear at
the beginning of a sentence, but can be inserted wherever they seem
appropriate.
3. When you have a transition at the beginning of a sentence, you
should put a comma after it.
THANKYOUU
ANY QUESTIONS ?