A SEMINAR ON

MAP PROJECTION – CONCEPT

AND CLASSIFICATION

SUBMITTED BY
SUPERVISED BY ATRAYEE MUKHERJEE
M.SC. IN REMOTE SENSING AND GIS
S.N. MOHAPATRA 1ST SEMESTER
HOD OF EARTH SCIENCE SOS IN EARTH SCIENCE
JIWAJI UNIVERSITY
 CONTENTS

 INTRODUCTION
 CONCEPT
 CLASSIFICATION
 AZIMUTHAL MAP PROJECTION
 CONICAL MAP PROJECTION
 CYLINDRICAL MAP PROJECTION
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCES
 INTRODUCTION
A map projection is a systematic transformation of the latitudes and
longitudes of locations from the surface into locations on a plane. Maps
cannot be created without map projections.

Maps can be more useful than globes in many situations, they are more
compact and easier to store; they readily accommodate an enormous range of
scales; they are viewed easily on computer displays; they can facilitate
measuring properties of the region being mapped; they can show larger
portions of the Earth's surface at once; and they are cheaper to produce and
transport. These usefulness of maps motivate the development of map
projections.
 HISTORY

The works of Anaximander, Eratosthenes, Apolonious and Hipparchus played

an important role in the development of cartography. It is believed that
Thales of Milet made the first map in some projection 600 years B.C. It was a
map of the heavenly sphere in gnomonic projection.
 CONCEPT OF MAP PROJECTION

The Earth’s surface is curved but as it must be shown on a flat sheet there is
need for a projection. A projection is a method by which the curved surface
of the earth is represented on a flat surface. It involves the use of
mathematical transformation between the location of places on the earth and
their projected locations on the plane.
 CLASSIFICATION OF MAP PROJECTION

There are many kinds of maps made from a variety of materials and on a
variety of topics. Certain map projections, or ways of displaying the Earth in
the most accurate ways by scale, are more well-known and used than other
kinds.
Serial Number Criteria Types
1 Method of derivation i) Perspective
ii) Non-perspective
iii) Conventional or
mathematical
2 Developable surface i) Conical
ii) Azimuthal or
Zenithal
iii) Cylindrical
iv) Mathematical or
conventional
3 Global properties i) Equal area or
equivalent
ii) Orthomorphic or
conformal
iii) Azimuthal or
bearings
DIFFERENT TYPES OF MAP PROJECTION
Three of these common types of map projections are
Cylindrical Projection, Conical Projection, and
Azimuthal Projection.
 AZIMUTHAL MAP PROJECTION

A map projection in which part of the Earth’s surface is depicted as if

projected on to a tangential plane of a surface, usually at a pole or equator is
called Azimuthal Map Projection.
The projection of polar region is the best example of azimuthal map
projection.
 Characteristics Of Azimuthal Map Projection

 Lines of latitude and longitude are intersecting at 90 degrees.

 Meridians are straight lines.
 Parallels are concentric circles.
 Forms a circular map.
 Scale near the centre is true.
 Can have the properties of equidistance, conformility or equal area.
 The pole is represented as a point.
Classification Of Azimuthal Map Projection

AZIMUTHAL
MAP
PROJECTION

NON-
PERSPECTIVE
PERSPECTIVE

GNOMONIC EQUAL AREA LAMBERT

EQUIDISTANT
PROJECTION PROJECTION EQUAL AREA
PROJECTION
PROJECTION

EQUIDISTANT ORTHOGRAPHIC POLYHEDRAL

PROJECTION PROJECTION PROJECTION

STEREOGRAPHIC
PROJECTION
Gnomonic Projection
A gnomonic map projection displays all great circles as
straight lines.
The gnomonic projection is said to be the oldest
map projection.

Stereographic Projection
The stereographic projection is a particular mapping
(function) that projects a sphere onto a plane. The
projection is defined on the entire sphere, except the
projection point.

Orthographic Projection
Orthographic projection (sometimes orthogonal
projection), is a means of representing three-
dimensional objects in two dimensions. It is a form of
parallel projection, in which all the projection lines
are orthogonal to the projection plane.
Equidistant Projection
The azimuthal equidistant projection has the useful
properties that all points on the map are at
proportionately correct distances from the center
point, and that all points on the map are at the correct
direction from the center point.

Lambert Azimuthal Equal-area Projection

The Lambert azimuthal equal-area projection is a
particular mapping from a sphere to a region bounded
by a circle. It accurately represents area in all regions
of the sphere, but it does not accurately represent
angles.
 CONICAL MAP PROJECTION

A map projection in which part of the Earth’s surface is depicted as if

projected on to a cone, usually called Conical Map Projection.
The projection of Europe region is the best example of conical map
projection.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF CONICAL MAP PROJECTION

 Lines of latitude and longitude are intersecting at 90 degrees.

 Meridians are straight lines.
 Parallels are concentric circular arcs.
 Scale along the standard parallel(s) is true.
 Can have the properties of equidistance, conformility or equal area.
 The pole is represented as an arc or a point.
CLASSIFICATION OF CONICAL MAP PROJECTION

CONICAL MAP
PROJECTION

PERSPECTIVE NON-PERSPECTIVE
CONICAL MAP CONICAL MAP
PROJECTION PROJECTION

SIMPLE CONICAL
PROJECTION WITH BONNE’S
ONE STANDARD PROJECTION
PARALLEL

CONICAL
PROJECTION WITH POLYCONIC
TWO STANDARD PROJECTION
PARALLEL
Perspective Conical Projection
Perspective projections correlate corresponding points
on globe and map using a set of straight lines with a
common origin, by light rays of geometric perspective.

Simple Conical Projection with One Standard Parallel

The simple conical projection with one standard
parallel is a mathematical projection derived from the
perspective conic. In this case, parallels are spaced at
their true distance along the meridians and the pole
becomes a small arc rather than a point.
Bonne's Projection
Bonne’s projection is a derivative of the simple conic
with one standard parallel. It has been modified to
remove the exaggeration of scale along the parallels
by redrawing them at their correct length. In
consequence, meridians become curved lines and no
longer intersect parallels at right angles.
The projection is widely used in topographic surveys
and in atlas presentations.

Conical Projection with Two Standard Parallels

The conic projection with two standard parallels,
although essentially a mathematical construct and
derivative of the perspective conic.
Errors are quite small over large areas; for
example, the whole U.S.A. can be mapped with less
than 2% scale error.
Polyconic Projection
The polyconic projection provides a means of
extending the coverage of the conic projection beyond
a single hemisphere.
It is widely used in pole to pole mapping
restricted to narrow strips centered on the central
meridian. For example, it is projection used in the
map of the world and in the maps of the United States
Geological Survey.
 CYLINDRICAL MAP PROJECTON

A map projection in which part of the Earth’s surface is depicted as if

projected on to a cylinder, usually called Cylindrical Map Projection.
The projection of Equatorial region is the best example of cylindrical map
projection.
CHARACTERISTICS OF CYLINDRICAL MAP PROJECTION

 Lines of latitude and longitude are parallel intersecting at 90°.

 Meridians are equidistant.
 Forms a rectangular map.
 Scale along the equator or standard parallels (lines of tangency) is true.
 Can have the properties of equidistance, conformility or equal area.
 The poles are represented as lines.
CLASSIFICATION OF CYLINDRICAL MAP PROJECTION

CYLINDRICAL
MAP PROJECTION

NON-
PERSPECTIVE
PERSPECTIVE
MAP PROJECTION
MAP PROJECTION

CYLINDRICAL CYLINDRICAL
EQUIDISTANT EQUAL AREA
PROJECTION PROJECTION

MERCATOR’S
PROJECTION
Perspective Cylindrical Projection
Some cylindrical projections are defined by a
geometric process based on perspective. It can
roughly be imagined as a semi-transparent spherical
shell wrapped by a tube.
Just by changing the source's position and
tube's diameter, different maps result. The source
may also be located infinitely away, making rays
parallel.

Cylindrical Equal Area Map Projection

The cylindrical equal-area projection is a true
projection in which a light from a source at infinite
distance is projected onto a cylindrical surface in the
normal orientation and tangency.
It turns out that there are better solutions to
this equal-area problem than that offered by the
cylindrical equal-area projection and it is little used in
modern cartography.
Cylindrical Equidistant Projection
Cylindrical equidistant projection is a cylindrical
projection with standard meridians: all have constant
scale, equal to the standard parallels, therefore all
parallels are equally spaced. Its construction made it
widely used, even for navigation, until the Modern
Age.

Mercator’s Map Projection

Mercator’s projection became the standard map
projection for nautical purposes because of its ability
to represent lines of constant course, known as rhumb
lines.
Landmasses such as Greenland and Antarctica
appear much larger than they actually are relative to
land masses near the equator, such as Central Africa.
 CONCLUSION
The maps presented in this monograph suggest just a few of the numerous
ways that demographers can use contour maps to clearly, efficiently, and
simultaneously display prominent local patterns in population rates or levels
over two dimensions. In particular, contour maps can strikingly reveal the
interaction between age, period, and patterns. By using small multiples,
computer movies, or ratio surfaces demographers can use the maps to gain
access to several dimensions.
 REFFERENCES

 MAPPING AND COMPILATION – RAMPAL K.K. 1998

 INTERNET AND WIKIPEDIA
THANK YOU…..