Lecture 9:

SQL Joins
 Join
• An SQL JOIN clause is used to combine rows
from two or more tables, based on a common
field between them.
 Obtaining Data from Multiple Tables
DEPARTMENTS
• EMPLOYEES
 Syntax
• Use a join to query data from more than one
table.
SELECT table1.column, table2.column
FROM table1, table2
WHERE table1.column1 = table2.column2
• Write the join condition in the WHERE clause.
• Prefix the column name with the table name
when the same column name appears in more
than one table.
 Types of join
• Equijoin
• Non-equijoin
• Outer join
• Self join
 Equijoin
• SQL EQUI JOIN performs a JOIN against
equality or matching column(s) values of the
associated tables. An equal sign (=) is used as
comparison operator in the where clause to
refer equality.
• EQUI JOIN may also be performed by using
JOIN keyword followed by ON keyword and
then specifying names of the columns along
with their associated tables to check equality.
 Example
EMPLOYEE DEPARTMENT

Foreign key Primary key

 Syntax
• 1. SELECT column list
FROM table1,table2…….
where
table1.column_name=table2.column_name
2. SELECT *
FROM table1 JOIN table2……
[ON (join_condition)]
• 1. SELECT EMP.ENAME, EMP.DEPTNO,
DEPT.DNAME,DEPT.LOC FROM EMP,DEPT
WHERE EMP.DEPTNO=DEPT.DEPTNO
2. SELECT EMP.ENAME, EMP.DEPTNO,
DEPT.DNAME,DEPT.LOC FROM EMP join
DEPT
on EMP.DEPTNO=DEPT.DEPTNO
 Using Table Aliases
• Simplify queries by using table aliases.
• Improve performance by using table prefixes.
Syntax:
SELECT e.ename,e.deptno, d.loc
FROM emp e , dept d
WHERE e.deptno = d.deptno
 Non equijoin
The SQL NON EQUI JOIN uses comparison operator
instead of the equal sign like >, <, >=, <= along with
conditions.
EMPLOYEES JOB_GRADES

Salary in the EMPLOYEES table

must be between lowest
salary and highest salary in
the JOB_GRADES table.
 Example
SELECT e.last_name, e.salary, j.grade_level
FROM employees e, job_grades j
WHERE e.salary
BETWEEN j.lowest_sal AND j.highest_sal
 self join
• A self join is a join in which a table is joined
with itself (which is also called Unary
relationships). To join a table itself means that
each row of the table is combined with itself
and with every other row of the table.
• The self join can be viewed as a join of two
copies of the same table. The table is not
actually copied, but SQL performs the
command as though it were.
 Example
• SELECT worker.ename,worker.empno,
manager.ename,manager.empno
FROM emp worker, emp manager
WHERE worker.empno<manager.empno
 Outer join
• The OUTER JOIN clause returns rows even
when there are no matches between the
joined tables. It can be useful when there is a
need to merge data from two tables and to
include all rows from both tables without
depending on a match. Another use is to
generate a large result set for testing
purposes.
 Example

DEPARTMENT EMPLOYEE

There are no employees in

department 190.
 Types of outer join
• Left outer join
• Right outer join
• Full outer join
 Left outer Join
• Return rows that have matching data in the
left table, even if there's no matching rows in
the right table.
Syntax:
SELECT *
FROM emp e LEFT JOIN dept d
ON e.deptno = d.deptno
 Right outer Join
• Return rows that have matching data in the
right table, even if there's no matching rows in
the left table.
Syntax:
SELECT *
FROM emp e RIGHT JOIN dept d
ON e.deptno = d.deptno
 Full outer Join
• Return all rows, even if there's no matching rows
in the right table.
Syntax:
SELECT *
FROM emp e left JOIN dept d
ON e.deptno = d.deptno
UNION ALL
SELECT *
FROM emp e RIGHT JOIN dept d
ON e.deptno = d.deptno
 Joining more than one table
• Joining three tables is similar to joining two
tables, but with one slight wrinkle. With a
two-table join, there are two tables and one
join type in the from clause, and with a three-
table join, there are three tables and two join
types in the from clause.
 Example
EMPLOYEE
DEPARTMENT
LOCATION
 Syntax
Select column list
From employee e JOIN department d
ON e.department_id=d.department_id
Join location l
ON d.department_id=l.location_id