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POWER ELECTRONICS
Devices, Circuits, and Applications

FOURTH EDITION
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
3
Diode Rectifiers
Power Electronics: Devices, Circuits, and Applications, 4e Copyright ©2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Muhammad H. Rashid All rights reserved.
Learning Outcomes After completing this chapter, students should be able to do the
following:
List the types of diode rectifiers and their advantages and disadvantages.
Explain the operation and characteristics of diode rectifiers.
List and calculate the performance parameters of diode rectifiers.
Analyze and design diode rectifier circuits.
Evaluate the performances of diode rectifiers by SPICE simulations.
Determine the effects of load inductance on the load current.
Determine the Fourier components of rectifier outputs.
Design output-side filters for diode rectifiers.
Determine the effects of source inductances on the rectifier output voltage.
Symbols and Their Meanings
Figure 3.1 Input and output relationship of a rectifier.
Equations 3.1 and 3.2 Performance Parameters
• The output dc power
• The output ac power
• The efficiency (or rectification ratio) of a

rectifier, which is a figure of merit and
permits us to compare the effectiveness,
is defined as
• The effective (rms) value of the ac

component of output voltage is
• The form factor, which is a measure of the

shape of output voltage, is
• The ripple factor, which is a measure of

the ripple content, is defined as
• Substituting Eq. (3.4) in Eq. (3.6), the

ripple factor can be expressed as
• The transformer utilization factor is

defined as
• The input power can be determined

approximately by equating input power
with the output ac power.
• CF of the input current is defined by
Figure 3.2 Full-wave rectifier with center-tapped transformer.
Equation 3.11 Single-Phase Full-Wave Rectifiers
• Because there is no dc current flowing

through the transformer, there is no dc
saturation problem of transformer core.
The average output voltage is
Figure 3.3 Full-wave bridge rectifier.
Equation 3.11 Full-wave Bridge Rectifier
• Because there is no dc current flowing

through the transformer, there is no dc
saturation problem of transformer core.
The average output voltage is
Table 3.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Center-Tapped and
Bridge Rectifiers
Figure 3.4 Full-bridge rectifier with RL load.
Equations 3.13 and 3.16 Single-Phase Full-Wave Rectifier with RL Load
• The load current i0 has a solution of the

form
• Simplifying after substituting I0 in Eq.

(3.14) gives
Equations 3.17 and 3.19 Single-Phase Full-Wave Rectifier with RL Load
• After substituting in Eq. (3.13), the load

current is
• Dividing Eq. (3.18) by √2Vs/Z , and

substituting R/Z = cos θ and ωL/R = tan
θ, we get
Table 3.2 Variations of Angle β with the Voltage Ratio, x
Figure 3.5 Boundary of continuous and discontinuous regions for single-phase rectifier.
Equation 3.20 Boundary of Continuous and Discontinuous Regions
• The condition for the discontinuous

current can be solved for the voltage ratio
x = E/(√2Vs) as
Figure 3.6 Single-phase bridge rectifier for PSpice simulation.
Single-phase Bridge Rectifier for PSpice Simulation
• The input power factor
Figure 3.7 PSpice plot for Example 3.3.
Figure 3.8 Waveforms for input voltage and current.
Equations 3.21 and 3.22 Full-Wave Rectifier with a Highly Inductive Load
• The displacement factor is defined as
• The harmonic factor (HF) of the input

current is defined as
where Is1 is the fundamental component of

the input current Is.
Equation 3.23 Full-Wave Rectifier with a Highly Inductive Load
• The input power factor (PF) is defined as
Figure 3.9 Full-wave bridge rectifier with dc motor load.
Equation 3.24 Input Power Factor of a Rectifier
• Substituting the values of an and bn, the

expression for the input current is
• The rms value of the fundamental

component of input current is
Figure 3.10 Multiphase rectifiers.
Equation 3.26 Multiphase Star Rectifiers
• Assuming a cosine wave from π/q to 2π/q,

the average output voltage for a q-phase
rectifier is given by
Equation 3.27 Multiphase Star Rectifiers
• The peak current through a diode is Im =

Vm/R and we can find the rms value of a
diode current (or transformer secondary
current) as
Figure 3.11 Three-phase bridge rectifier.
Figure 3.12 Waveforms and conduction times of diodes.
Equations 3.33 and 3.34 Waveforms and Conduction Times
• The average output voltage is found from
• where Vm is the peak phase voltage. The

rms output voltage is
Equation 3.35 Waveforms and Conduction Times
• The peak current through a diode is Im =

√3 Vm/R and the rms value of the diode
current is
• and the rms value of the transformer

secondary current,
• For a three-phase rectifier q = 6, Eq.

(3.32) gives the instantaneous output
voltage as
Figure 3.13 Three-phase bridge rectifier for PSpice simulation.
Equations 3.40 and 3.41 Three-Phase Bridge Rectifier with RL Load
• Applying i0(ωt = 2π/3) = I0, we get the

value of I0 as
• which, after substitution in Eq. (3.39) and

simplification, gives
Figure 3.14 Boundary of continuous and discontinuous regions for three-phase rectifier.
Equation 3.42 Boundary: Discontinuous/Continuous Region
• Setting I0 in Eq. (3.40) to zero can be

solved for the voltage ratio x = E/(√2VAB)
as
Figure 3.15 PSpice plot for Example 3.8.
Table 3.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Single Phase and
Three-Phase Bridge Rectifiers
Figure 3.16 Dc filters.
Table 3.4 Performance Parameters of Diode Rectifiers with a
Resistive Load
Figure 3.17 Ac filters.
Figure 3.18 Current through diodes.
Diode Ratings
• The rms current is
Figure 3.19 Current waveform.
Equation 3.48 Diode Average and rms Currents
• Substituting Eqs. (3.46) and (3.47) in Eq.

(3.45), the rms value is
Diode Average and rms Currents
• The average current
Table 3.5 Terms for Measuring Output Ripple Voltage
Figure 3.20 Single-phase bridge rectifier with C filter.
Equations 3.54 and 3.60 Filter Capacitance
• As the input voltage rises sinusoidally

from 0 to Vm, the angle α can be
determined from
• The filter capacitor Ce can be found from
Equations 3.61 and 3.66 Filter Capacitance
• Redefining the time origin (ωt = 0) at π/2

when the discharging interval begins, we
can find the average output voltage Vo(av)
from
• The average output voltage, after

substituting for td, becomes
Equation 3.67 Filter Capacitance
• The ripple factor RF can be found from
Figure 3.21 Equivalent circuit for harmonics.
Equations 3.68 and 3.69 LC Output Filter
• The load impedance being much greater than

that of the capacitor is generally satisfied by
the relation
• The rms value of the nth harmonic

component appearing on the output can be
found by using the voltage-divider rule and is
expressed as
LC Output Filter
• The value of the filter capacitor Ce is

calculated from
Figure 3.22 Single-phase bridge rectifier for PSpice simulation.
Bridge Rectifier for PSpice Simulation
• The value of the filter capacitor Ce can

also be calculated from
Figure 3.23 Equivalent circuit for harmonic current.
Equations 3.71 and 3.73 Equivalent Circuit for Harmonic Current
• The total amount of harmonic current in

the supply line is
• From Eq. (3.24), I1h = 4Ia /√2 π and Inh =

4Ia/(√2 nπ) for n = 3, 5, 7, . . . . From
Eqs. (3.71) and (3.72), we get
Figure 3.24 Output voltage with LC filter.
Equations 3.77 and 3.79 Output Voltage with LC Filter
• Normalizing the rms value Irms with

respect to Ipk, we get
• For a continuous current through the

inductor, the value of Le must be larger
than the value of Lcr. That is,
Equation 3.80 Output Voltage with LC Filter
• In terms of x, this becomes
Table 3.6 Normalized Load Current
Figure 3.25 Three-phase bridge rectifier with source inductances.
Equations 3.83 and 3.84 Effects of Source and Load Inductances
• Using Eq. (3.82), the average voltage

reduction due to the commutating
inductances is
• If all the inductances are equal and Lc = L1

= L2 = L3, Eq. (3.83) becomes

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POWER ELECTRONICS

Devices, Circuits, and Applications

• The output dc power

• The output ac power

• The efficiency (or rectification ratio) of a

• The effective (rms) value of the ac

• The form factor, which is a measure of the

• The ripple factor, which is a measure of

• Substituting Eq. (3.4) in Eq. (3.6), the

• The transformer utilization factor is

• The input power can be determined

• CF of the input current is defined by

• Because there is no dc current flowing

• Because there is no dc current flowing

• The load current i0 has a solution of the

• Simplifying after substituting I0 in Eq.

• After substituting in Eq. (3.13), the load

• Dividing Eq. (3.18) by √2Vs/Z , and

• The condition for the discontinuous

• The input power factor

• The displacement factor is defined as

• The harmonic factor (HF) of the input

where Is1 is the fundamental component of

• The input power factor (PF) is defined as

• Substituting the values of an and bn, the

• The rms value of the fundamental

• Assuming a cosine wave from π/q to 2π/q,

• The peak current through a diode is Im =

• The average output voltage is found from

• where Vm is the peak phase voltage. The

• The peak current through a diode is Im =

• and the rms value of the transformer

• For a three-phase rectifier q = 6, Eq.

• Applying i0(ωt = 2π/3) = I0, we get the

• which, after substitution in Eq. (3.39) and

• Setting I0 in Eq. (3.40) to zero can be

• The rms current is

• Substituting Eqs. (3.46) and (3.47) in Eq.

• The average current

• As the input voltage rises sinusoidally

• The filter capacitor Ce can be found from

• Redefining the time origin (ωt = 0) at π/2

• The average output voltage, after

• The ripple factor RF can be found from

• The load impedance being much greater than

• The rms value of the nth harmonic

• The value of the filter capacitor Ce is

• The value of the filter capacitor Ce can

• The total amount of harmonic current in

• From Eq. (3.24), I1h = 4Ia /√2 π and Inh =

• Normalizing the rms value Irms with

• For a continuous current through the

• In terms of x, this becomes

• Using Eq. (3.82), the average voltage

• If all the inductances are equal and Lc = L1

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