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What is bluetooth?
Introduction
Overview
Specifications & Layers
Profiles
Ad-hoc networking
Qualification
Products & Future Usage
What is bluetooth?
Bluetooth wireless technology is an
open specification for a low-cost,
low-power, short-range radio
technology for ad-hoc wireless
communication of voice and data
anywhere in the world.
Intoduction
1994 Ericsson gets interested in wireless
connections from mobile telephones to
other devices like PDAs and accessories like
Headsets.
Uses the radio range of 2.45 GHz
Bluetooth is a wireless LAN technology designed to
connect devices of different functions such as telephones,
notebooks, computers, cameras, printers, coffee makers,
and so on.
Several Bluetooth devices can form an ad hoc
network called a “piconet”
In a piconet one device acts as a master (sets
frequency hopping behavior) and the others as
slaves
Each piconet has one master and up to 7 simultaneous
slaves
Master : device that initiates a data exchange.
Slave : device that responds to the master
Example: A conference room with many laptops
wishing to communicate with each other
Scatternet
Linking of multiple piconets through the master or
slave devices
Bluetooth devices have point-to-multipoint capability
to engage in Scatternet communication.
Figure 14.19 Piconet
14.6
Figure 14.20 Scatternet
14.7
Overview
Originally conceived as a cable
replacement technology
Other usage models began to develop:
Personal Area Network (PAN)
Ad-hoc networks
Data/voice access points
Wireless telematics
Bluetooth SIG (Special Interest Group) :
Founded in 1998 by : Ericsson, Intel, IBM, Toshiba
and Nokia
Currently more than 2500 adopter companies
Created in order to promote, shape an define the
specification and position Bluetooth in the market
place Current specification : Bluetooth 2.1
Overview
Advantages
Bluetooth: interoperable
IrDA: line of sight needed, point-to-point
WLAN: higher power consumption
Disadvantages
Bluetooth: only up to 1 Mbps
IrDA: much cheaper, faster (up to 16 Mbps)
WLAN: faster (up to 11 Mbps)
WLAN and Bluetooth interfere each other
(both are using the ISM band)
Figure 14.21 Bluetooth layers
14.11
Layers
Bluetooth Radio
Baseband
LMP (Link Manager Protocol)
HCI (Host Controller Interface)
L2CAP (Logical Link Control and Adaptation
Protocol)
RFCOMM (Radio Frequency Communication)
SDP (Service Discovery Protocol)
Bluetooth Radio
the lowest defined layer of the
Bluetooth specification
operating in the 2.4 GHz ISM Band
accomplishes spectrum spreading by
frequency hopping (FHSS) from 2.402
GHz to 2.480 GHz
Bluetooth Radio
Similar to Physical layer of Internet model
specifics details of the air interface, including frequency,
frequency hopping, modulation scheme, and transmission
power
3 different power classes
Power Class1: long range (100m,100mW)
Power Class2: mid range (10m,1-2,5mW)
Power Class3: short range (0.1-10m,1mW)
signal strength adjustment
Band: 2.4GHz ISM band, FHSS, hops
1600times/sec, GFSK with carrier frequency
The industrial, scientific and medical (ISM)
radio bands are radio bands (portions of the
radio spectrum) reserved internationally for the
use of radio frequency (RF) energy for
industrial, scientific and medical purposes
other than telecommunications.
Examples of applications in these bands include
radio-frequency process heating, microwave
ovens, and medical diathermy machines.
Baseband
Similar to MAC sublayer in LAN.
Master and Slave communicate with each
other using time slots ie 625
microseconds
Uses TDMA which is half-duplex
communication
the physical layer of the Bluetooth that
provides
Error correction
Flow control
Hopping sequence
Security
data is divided in packets
access code: e.g. timing synchronization
header: e.g. packet numbering, flow control,
slave address
payload: voice, data or both
Baseband
Connection Modes
Describes the set of rules by which all bluetooth
devices must abide in order to establish a link a
communicate with one another
For devices
trusted device
untrusted device
For services
require authorization and authentication
open to all devices
Single secondary communication
Primary uses even-numbered
slots and secondary uses odd-
numbered sots
Single slave
In slot 0, primary sends, secondary
receives.
In slot 1, secondary send and
primary receives
Figure 14.22 Single-secondary communication
14.21
Multiple Secondary communications
14.23
Audio
synchronous connection oriented(SCO)
links- Used when avoiding latency is
important, used in real time audio
Asynchronous connectionless Link(AVC)
– used when data integrity is more
important than latency
no retransmission
errors appear as background noise
LMP (Link Manager Protocol)
provides authentication, link setup
and link configuration including
power surveillance
takes place as a service provider
communication with LM PDUs
(protocol data units)
Figure 14.24 Frame format types
14.26
Frame format
Frame types:
1. One slot: 259 microsecs for hopping
and control mechanism.
2. Three slot: 3 slots. Length of the
frame 3 x 625-259=1616 bits.
Device with 3 slot frame remains at
the same hop for 3 slot.
3. Five slot: length =5 x 625-
259=2866 bits.
Access code: identify master and
slave.
Header:
1. Address: Identifies active devices the
frame is intended for. If the address is
0, uses broadcast( commn., from
primary to all secondary)
2. Type:Identifies frame type (ACL, SCO,
poll or null), the type of error correction
and number of slots of the frame
3. Flow(F): Flow control. If 1, used by
slave when its buffer is full and
cannot receive data further
4. ACK(A): piggyback and ACK into a
frame. Uses Stop and wait ARQ
5. Sequence(s): Number the frames
to detect retransmission
6. Checksum: Detect errors
L2CAP (Logical Link Control and
Adaptation Protocol)
Provides a connection-oriented and
connectionless service to upper layer
Protocols with quality-of-service functions
using multiplexing, segmentation and
reassembly
two link types defined in Baseband layer:
1. SCO (synchronous connection-oriented)
2. ACL (asynchronous connection-less)
b: piconet with
a multi slave
c: scatternet
Qualification
aims interoperability between all
bletooth devices
no license fees
bluetooth devices must support same
profiles
bluetooth logo guarantees
interoperability
Qualification
no line of sight required
you can use it everywhere
bluetooth chip
integrated
power management
not really cheap
Automatic ad-hoc networking
(invisible)
e.g.automaticdata synchronisation
Products
Notebook PCs & CD Player
desktop computers TV/VCR/DVD
Printers Telephone Answering
PDAs Devices
Other handheld Cordless Phones
devices Cars
Cell phones
Wireless periperals:
Headsets
Cameras
Access Points
Products
2004 Toyota Prius
– hands free calls
Toshiba Washer &
Dryer – downloads
the washer/dryer
software for new
clothes!
Nokia N-gage
Digital Pulse
Oximetry System
Future Usage
Home Automation
Home Entertainment/Games
Electronic Commerce/M-Commerce
Industrial Control
Surveillance
Access Control
Location Based Services
Current Trials: Shopping Malls, Train
Stations
Thats All !