LET-TLE - Powerpoint On Tools and Wood

SIMPLIFIED
METHODS
ON
BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION
CHAPTERS TO BE DISCUSSED
CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2
TOOLS WOOD
1.1 Measuring tools 2.1 Introduction

1.2 Marking tools 2.2 Definition of terms
1.3 Testing and guiding tools 2.3 Classification of wood
1.4 Fastening tools 2.4 Preparation of wood
1.5 Rough Facing tools 2.5 Defects in wood
1.6 Tooth Facing tools 2.6 Seasoning of wood
1.7 Sharp-Edged Cutting tools 2.7 Causes of decay & methods
1.8 Smooth Facing tools of preservation
1.9 Boring or Drilling Tools 2.8 Measuring of wood
1.10 Holding tools 2.9 English to metric
1.11 Sharpening tools measure of wood
1.12 Work Bench
CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2
TOOLS WOOD
1.1 Measuring tools 2.1 Introduction

1.12 Work Bench
1.1 Measuring tools
The early developed measuring tools used in
constructions were of various types provided with
English-measure graduated scale into 8th and 16th
an inch. Consequently, the worldwide adoption of
the Metric System otherwise known as the System
International (SI), manufacturers of all kinds of
tools has to change the scale and graduation on
measuring tools from English to Metric measure.
The different kinds of measuring tools are:
1. Two foot four folding rule 4. Push-Pull tape rule
2. Extension Rule 5. Slide Caliper Rule
3. Zig-zag Rule 6. Marking Gauges
Two foot four folding rule
- generally used in measuring short

distances. It is usually made up of four folds
connected by three hinges spaced at 6 inches or
15 cm apart which could be folded-up.
Extension Rule
- used for measuring inside distances such

as doors, windows, cabinets, etc.
Zig-zag Rule
- available in (4 ft.) 1.20 m and (6 ft.) 1.80 m

commonly used by carpenters for rough layout.
Push-Pull tape rule
- used to measure long distances; available

from 1.00 m to 50 meters long.
Slide Caliper Rule
- used to measure outside diameter of

cylindrical objects.
Marking Gauges
- used to make lines parallel to the edges.

CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2
TOOLS WOOD
Measuring tools 2.1 Introduction

1.12 Work Bench
1.2 Marking tools
Marking tools are classified
according to the kind of work it is to
perform:
1.Chalk or charcoal line
2.Scratch awl
3.Scriber
4.Compass
5.Divider
1.2 Marking tools
1.Chalk or charcoal line
- used for marking a very rough work.

1.2 Marking tools
2. Scratch awl
-used in marking a semi-rough work.

1.2 Marking tools
3. Scriber
- used in making fine work. It is hardened steel

with a sharp point designed to mark fine line.
1.2 Marking tools
4. Compass
- used to inscribe arcs or circle.

1.2 Marking tools
5. Divider
- used in dividing distances into equal parts

particularly an arc or circumference.
CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2
TOOLS WOOD

Marking tools 2.2 Definition of terms
1.12 Work Bench
1.3 Testing and guiding tools
Good carpentry work demands accuracy in
measurement and well fitted joint or parts
together. This could be done with the various
guiding tools for a precise and quality work.
The different kinds of testing and guiding tools are:
1. Level 5. Miter shooting board

2. Plastic Hose with water 6. Sliding T-bevel
3. Plumb Bob 7. Angle divider
4. Miter box 8. Square
1. Level
- used for both guiding and testing the work to a

vertical or horizontal position.
2. Plastic Hose with water
- best and accurate tool for guiding the work in

establishing a horizontal level.
3. Plumb Bob
- used to check or obtain a vertical line. The

word plumb means perpendicular to a horizontal
plane.
4. Miter Bob
- a device used as a guide of the hand saw in

cutting object to form a miter joint.
5. Miter shooting board
- a plain board with two 45 degree guide

fastened on top of the upper board. This is used
for designing patterns, cabinets, etc.
6. Sliding T-bevel
- like a try square with a sliding and adjustable

blade that could be set to any angle other than
90 degrees.
7. Angle Divider
- a double bevel used to divide an angle in a

complicated work.
8. Square
- called a “Trying Square”. Square is a right

angle standard at 90 degrees used in marking or
testing work.
CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2
TOOLS WOOD

Testing and guiding tools 2.3 Classification of wood
1.12 Work Bench
1.4 Fastening tools
- the tools used to fasten or secure parts of the
construction that are to be connected together
with nails, screws, bolts, etc.
The different types of fastening tools are:
1. Claw hammer
2. Wrenches
3. Screw driver
1.4 Fastening tools
1. Claw hammer
- a hand tool made of steel carefully forged, hardened and

tempered. Its sizes varies from 140 to 560 grams.
A. 400 – 450 grams is recommended for finishing work.

B. 450 – 560 grams is recommended for framing work.
1.4 Fastening tools
2. Wrenches
- a hand tool with a handle and a jaw which may

be fitted to the head of a nut used to tighten or
loosen bolts.
1.4 Fastening tools
3. Screw driver
- a hand tool with a head and a shank used for

turning screw, classified either as:
A. Plain
B. Automatic
CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2
TOOLS WOOD

Fastening tools 2.4 Preparation of wood
1.12 Work Bench
1.5 Rough Facing tools
- Rough facing tools are the so called “Striking
Tools” because they are used through a series of
blows. They are also called “inertia tools” or
“Rough facing tools” because the cut produced
were rough.
The different kinds of rough facing tools are:
1. Hatchet
2. Axe
3. Adze
1. Hatchet
- generally a utility tool used for sharpening

stakes and cutting down timber to rough sizes.
2. Axe
- a tool used for splitting wood or hewing timber.

3. Adze
- is a hatchet in which the blade is at right angle

with the handle.
CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2
TOOLS WOOD

Rough Facing tools 2.5 Defects in wood
1.12 Work Bench
1.6 Tooth Facing tools
- In carpentry work, the toothed cutting tools are
of utmost importance considering its versatility
and service demand.
There are several types of this kind of tools:

1. Saws 1.3 according to its use:
1.1 kind of cut: 1. Cabinet
1. Cross cut 2. Joiner
2. Rip cut 3. Miter
3. Combined rip and cross cut 4. Stair
1.2 shape of the blades: 5. Floor
1. Straight back 6. Buck or wood
2. Narrowed 7. Compass
3. Thick back 8. Key hole
4. Skew back 9. Coping
10. Hack
2. Files
1. Saw
- The most important of this kind of tools are
classified according to:
A. kind of cut:
1. Cross cut
2. Rip cut
3.Combined rip and cross cut
B. Shape of the blades:
1. Straight back
2. Narrowed
3. Thick back
4. Skew back
C. according to its use:
1. Cabinet
2. Joiner
3. Miter
4. Stair
5. Floor
6. Buck or wood
7. Compass
8. Key hole
9. Coping
10. Hack
2. Files
- a metal tool of different shapes and sizes used for
abrading, reducing or smooth cutting metal, wood
or other materials.
CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2
TOOLS WOOD

Tooth Facing tools 2.6 Seasoning of wood
1.12 Work Bench
1.7 Sharp-Edged Cutting tools
A. Chisel
Classification of chisel according to:
1. service: 4. handle with attachment:
1.1 Paring Chisel 4.1 tang
1.2 Firming Chisel 4.2 socket
1.3 Framing Chisel 5. shape of the blade:
2. length: 5.1 flat
2.1 Butt 5.2 round (gouge)
2.2 Pocket 5.3 L (corner)
2.3 Mill
3. side of the blade:
3.1 plain
3.2 bevel
2. Draw Knife
A. Chisel
1. service
1. Paring chisel – a light duty tool used to plane long surfaces parallel
with the grain of the wood. Paring chisel should not be driven by blows
but only manipulated by means of hand pressure.
2. Firming chisel – used for medium duty work usually driven by hands
pressure in paring of by the use of mallet blow in mortising work.
3. Framing Chisel – a heavy duty tool designated to absorb a severe
strain in framing work where deep cut is necessary.
A. Chisel
2. Length
A. Chisel
3. Side of the blade
A. Chisel
4. Handle of attachment
A. Chisel
5. shape of the blade
B. Draw knife
- used in trimming work by

drawing towards the worker.
CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2
TOOLS WOOD

Sharp-Edged Cutting tools 2.7 Causes of decay & methods
1.12 Work Bench
1.8 Smooth Facing tools
- are sometimes regarded as “guided sharp edge
cutting tools”. These tools are actually chisels
with frames to guide and limit the cut and make it
smooth.
The different kinds of smooth facing tools are:
1. Spoke Shave - a modified kind of draw knife
with an adjustable blade like a plane to limit
the thickness of the cut.
Different types of spoke shave:
1. Single-screw raise handles
2. Chair maker wooden spoke shaves
3. Double screw straight handles
4. Stanley universal
5. Concave cutter
6. Chamfer cutter
1.8 Smooth Facing tools
2. Plane - used in smoothing boards or
other surfaces for framing and molding. It
is also used to make wood surfaces into
uniform thickness.
Planes are classified according to its size

and services:
1. Jack plane
2. Fore plane
3. Trying plane
4. Smooth plane
1. Jack plane
- for heavy rough work.

2. Fore plane
- for smoothing and straightening

the rough or irregular cut of the
jack plane.
3. Trying plane
- used to obtain the smoothest finish.
4. Smooth plane
- a small plane used for smoothing
uneven surfaces in wood even those
with minor depressions.
CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2
TOOLS WOOD

Smooth Facing tools of preservation
1.12 Work Bench
1.9 Boring or Drilling tools
- These tools are specially designed
to make hole in wood.
The different types of drilling tools are:
1. Brad awls
2. Gimlets
3. Augers
4. Twist Drills
5. Hollow Augers
6. Spoke Pointers
7. Counter Sinks
8. Reamers
1. Brad awls
- a small tool used for punching or piercing
small holes. It is generally used in starting
a nail or screw into hardwood.
2. Gimlets
- Tools used for boring small holes by hand
pressure classified as:
a. Twist
b. Plain
3. Augers
- used for boring holes with a diameter
from ½” to 2” or 12.7 mm to 25 mm.
4. Twist Drills
- used for drilling small holes. Twist drills
are preferably used in cases where the
gimlets or the auger may cause splitting of
the wood grain.
5. Hollow Augers
- used for external boring or turning.
6. Spoke Pointers
- cuts conical holes.
7. Counter Sinks
- used for enlarging a conical hole at the
surface of wood.
8. Reamers
- usually a reamer is used chiefly by
machinist in enlarging metal holes. It is
also used in carpentry work for enlarging
holes on wood when made too small for
the screw or its head.
CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2
TOOLS WOOD

Boring or Drilling Tools 2.8 Measuring of wood
1.12 Work Bench
1.10 Holding tools
- vital and important in accomplishing
fine carpentry work. In many stages
of construction the need for holding
the materials in place rigidly is
necessary.
Holding tools may be classified according
to its service:
1. Supporting
2. Retaining
2.1 Clamps
2.2 Vises
1. Supporting
- Carpentry work such as chiseling,
planning and the like, needs support to
amply sustain the operation. The Horse or
Trestle is the right tool for the purpose.
2. Retaining
- under this category, there are several
kinds of holding tools considered as rigid
and strong enough in tightly pressing the
materials together.
Examples are:
1. Single screw jaw

2. Double screw
3. Chain
4. Miter
5. Beam
CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2
TOOLS WOOD

Holding tools 2.9 English to metric
1.12 Work Bench
1.11 Sharpening tools
- Experienced carpenters realize the
importance of sharpening tools in
carpentry operation. Sharp tools assure
the worker in accomplishing a quality work
and it faster than using dull tools.
The different kinds of sharpening tools are:
1. Grind Stone
2. Oil Stone
2.1 Natural
2.2 Artificial
1. Grind Stone - a flat disc solid stone
usually of sand stone mounted on a
shaft used for sharpening, shaping or
polishing metal by turning.
2. Oil Stone - Used after the grinding
operation to achieve a smooth and keen
edge of the tools. Oil is used as a
lubricating medium and that is why they
are called oil stone. Oil stone are of two
types:
A. Natural – found in their natural state.
B. Artificial – are ordinary abrasive
such as carburandum alundum and emery.
CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2
TOOLS WOOD

Sharpening tools measure of wood
1.12 Work Bench
1.12 Work Bench
-an important tool in carpentry operation
considering the various tools attached to it. Work
bench is considered as a shop tool and is needed
for the different kinds of onsite or off-site
preparation of wood parts in all construction.
CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2
TOOLS WOOD

Work Bench
CHAPTER 2
WOOD
2.1 Introduction
Wood is that fibrous substances which

compose the trunk and branches of the
tree that lies between the pith and the
bark. Wood is the most common of the
building materials.
CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2
TOOLS WOOD
Measuring tools Introduction

Work Bench
2.2 Definition of terms
1. Lumber - is the term applied to wood after it is
sawed or sliced into boards, planks, timber etc.
2. Rough Lumber - is the term applied to
unplanned or undressed lumber.
3. Surfaced or Dressed Lumber - is a planned
lumber having at least one smooth side.
4. S2S; S4s - are planned or dressed lumber of
which the number connotes the number of the
smooth sides; such as S2s is smooth on two
sides.
5. Slab - is a kind of rough lumber which is cut
tangent to the annual rings, running the full
length of the log and containing at least one flat
surface.
6. Timber - is a piece of lumber five inches or
13cm. or larger in its smallest dimension.
7. Plank - is a wide piece of lumber from 4 to 13
cm. thick.
8. Board - is a piece of lumber less than 1 ½ or
4cm. thick and at least 4 inches or 10 cm. wide.
9. Flitch - is a thick piece of lumber.
10. Fine Grained - when the annual rings are
small, the grain or marking which separates
adjacent rings is said to be fine grained; when
large, it is called Coarse Grained.
11. Straight Grained - when the direction of the
fibers are nearly parallel with the sides and edges
of the board, it is said to be straight grained.
When the lumber is taken from a crooked tree, it
is said to be crooked or cross-grained.
CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2
TOOLS WOOD

Marking tools Definition of terms
Work Bench
2.3 Classification of wood
Wood used in building construction is those woods which grow
larger by addition of layer on the outer surface each year known to
botanist as OXYGENS.
Woods are classified according to:
1. Mode of Growth:
a. Exogenous - are those outward growing trees which are most
preferred for lumbering.
b. Endogenous - are those inside growing trees and are not
preferred for lumbering because they produced a soft center core.
2. Density - it is either:
a. Soft
b. Hard
3. Leaves: the leaves of a tree is either:
a. Needle shape (conifers)
b. Broad shape
4. Shade or Color
a. White d. Brown
b. Yellow e. Black
c. Red
5. Grain:
a. Straight
b. Cross
c. Fine
d. Coarse
6. Nature of the surface when sewed:
a. Plain
b. Grained
c. Figured or marked
CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2
TOOLS WOOD

Testing and guiding tools Classification of wood
Work Bench
2.4 Preparation of wood
Lumbering is the term applied to the
operations performed in preparing wood
for commercial purposes. It involves
logging which is the process or operation
of felling or cutting of the trees including
its hauling and delivery to the sawmill for
sawing. Sawing on the other hand, is the
operation of preparation or cutting the
logs into its commercial sizes.
The methods and manner of log sawing are:
1. Plain or bastard sawing: is the cutting of the
logs entirely through the diameter and parallel
chords tangential to the annual rings.
2. Quarter or Rift sawing
a. Radial c. Quarter Tangential
b. Tangential d. Combined Radial and Tangential
CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2
TOOLS WOOD

Fastening tools Preparation of wood
Work Bench
2.5 Defects in wood
Defects are irregularities found in wood. The most common
defects in wood are:
1.Caused by Abnormal Growth:
a. Heart Shakes - are radial cracks originating at the heart
of the logs.
b. Wind Shakes or Cup Shakes - are cracks or breaks across
the annual rings of the timber during its growth caused by
excessive bending of the tree due to wind.
c. Star Shakes - composed of several heart shakes which
radiate from the center of the log in a star-like manner.
d. Knots - occurs at starring point of a limb or branch of the
wood.
2. Due to Deterioration:
a. Dry Rot - is the presence of moisture caused by fungi in
seasoned wood.
b. Wet Dry - takes place sometimes in the growth of the
tree caused by water saturation.
CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2
TOOLS WOOD

Rough Facing tools Defects in wood
Work Bench
2.6 Seasoning of wood
Trees when fallen contain moisture in their
cell layer. These moistures should be expelled
thoroughly to preserve the lumber from shrinkage
or decay. Experiments have proven that timber
immersed in water immediately after being fallen
and squared is less subject to splitting and decay.
It reduces warping but makes the wood brittle
and less elastic. Soaking timber into liquid is the
method of seasoning practiced by the ancient
Roman builders. Sometimes wood are steeped in
oil of cedar to protect it from worm attack. Salt
water makes wood harder, heavier and durable.
However, wood intended for use in buildings has
the tendency to attract moisture from the air.
The two methods adopted in seasoning of lumber are:
1. Natural or Air Seasoning - this is considered as one of the best
method of seasoning lumber although the period involved is
relatively longer. The processes are:
a. Lumber is piled outside where its length is sloped at about 10cm.
to the meter height.
b. Lumber is piled in a well-ventilated shed. Each piece is properly
and evenly spaced from each other for free circulation of air around
the lumber.
2. Artificial Seasoning - the lumber is stacked in a drying kiln and
then exposed to steam and hot air. Artificial seasoning is resorted
for quick drying but wood from this process is quite inferior than
that seasoned by the natural method. The different artificial
seasoning methods employed are:
a. Forced Air Drying - fans are used to booster the circulation of air
preparatory process to kiln drying.
b. Kiln Drying - lumber is dried in a specially built room or chamber
by which temperature and humidity as well as the circulation of air
is controlled.
c. Radio Frequency Dielectric Drying - a very fast method of drying
lumber wherein the use of radio frequency dielectric heat is
employed. Drying through this process may only take 24hours as
compared to the other methods.
CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2
TOOLS WOOD

Tooth Facing tools Seasoning of wood
Work Bench
2.7 Causes of decay & methods
of preservation
Woods does not decay naturally through age, nor
will it decay if it is kept constantly dry or
continuously submerged in water.
The common causes of decay in wood are:

1. Alternate moisture and dryness
2. Fungi and molds
3. Insects and worms
4.Heat and confined air
The essential requirement to achieve a
successful preservation of wood is good
seasoning and the process of preserving
wood are:
1. External - the wood is coated with a

preservative coating which will penetrate
the fibers.
2. Internal - a chemical compound is
impregnated at a pressure to permeate
the wood thoroughly.
CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2
TOOLS WOOD

Sharp-Edged Cutting tools Causes of decay & methods
Work Bench
2.8 Measuring of wood
Although the System International (SI) has already
superseded the English System of measure, the board foot
as the unit measure of lumber popularly and widely used is
still presented for reference in preparation for the transition
from English to Metric approach. A board foot is actually one
square foot of wood one inch thick. The formula being used
in computing board foot is:
Board Foot = t x w x L
12
Where t = thickness in inches

w = width
L = Length in feet
This formula is being used for sawed wood of commercial

dimensions.
Example:
Compute the board foot of the following

lumber:
5pcs.----- 2”x 6” x 14’
Bd. ft. = 5 x 2 x 6 x 14’ = 70

12
CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2
TOOLS WOOD

Boring or Drilling Tools Measuring of wood
Work Bench 2.10 Manufactured board
2.9 English to metric measure of wood
Lumber is customarily computed in terms of board foot which simply
means that one board foot is equivalent to 1 inch thick one foot
wide and one foot long wood. To find a board foot of piece of wood
say 2” X 6” X 20’ the thickness is multiplied by the width and length
divided by 12 thus 2X6X20’=20 bd.ft.
12
Following such principle where one inch is the unit measure a foot,
one centimeter is also the unit measure in a meter.
The above piece of lumber could be written as 5 X 15 X 6m = 4 board meter.
100
Where: 2” = 5cm
6” = 15cm
20’ = 6 meters
CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2
TOOLS WOOD

Holding tools English to metric
Work Bench 2.10 Manufactured board
2.10 Manufactured board
A manufactured board is made of wood but
does not appear their nature state. This
type of building materials can be classified
as a type of lumber as they are the by-
product in the manufacture of lumber. The
complete utilization of wood has led to an
panded field of manufactured boards.
There are different types of manufactured boards available
such as:
1. Plywood - is made of odd number of veneer sheets glued
together with the grains running at right angle to each other.
Forest laboratory test show that plywood shrinks less than ½
of 1% in drying from saturation to 6% moisture content which
is less than the shrinkage of the same splices under similar
conditions.
The different types of plywood are:
1. Soft Plywood
- the most common for structural use.
2. Hardwood Plywood
- are used for paneling and finishing where
usually only one face is hard finished.
3. Exterior or Marine Plywood

- made for external use, sometimes used for
construction of boats.
2. Hardboard – is made from wood
chip which are exploded into fibers
under steam of high pressure.
3. Particle Board – is manufactured

from wood chips, curls, fibers, flakes,
strands, shaving and slivers. It has an
equal strength in all directions of a
given cross sectional area, it is not
brittle and can resist warping.
TYPICAL PLYWOOD CONSTRUCTION
CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2
TOOLS WOOD

Holding tools English to metric
Work Bench Manufactured board
END OF THE DISCUSSION

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SIMPLIFIED

1.1 Measuring tools 2.1 Introduction

1.1 Measuring tools 2.1 Introduction

- generally used in measuring short

- used for measuring inside distances such

- available in (4 ft.) 1.20 m and (6 ft.) 1.80 m

- used to measure long distances; available

- used to measure outside diameter of

- used to make lines parallel to the edges.

Measuring tools 2.1 Introduction

1.Chalk or charcoal line

- used for marking a very rough work.

-used in marking a semi-rough work.

- used in making fine work. It is hardened steel

- used to inscribe arcs or circle.

- used in dividing distances into equal parts

Measuring tools 2.1 Introduction

The different kinds of testing and guiding tools are:

1. Level 5. Miter shooting board

- used for both guiding and testing the work to a

- best and accurate tool for guiding the work in

- used to check or obtain a vertical line. The

- a device used as a guide of the hand saw in

5. Miter shooting board

- a plain board with two 45 degree guide

- like a try square with a sliding and adjustable

- a double bevel used to divide an angle in a

- called a “Trying Square”. Square is a right

Measuring tools 2.1 Introduction

The different types of fastening tools are:

- a hand tool made of steel carefully forged, hardened and

A. 400 – 450 grams is recommended for finishing work.

- a hand tool with a handle and a jaw which may

- a hand tool with a head and a shank used for

Measuring tools 2.1 Introduction

The different kinds of rough facing tools are:

- generally a utility tool used for sharpening

- a tool used for splitting wood or hewing timber.

- is a hatchet in which the blade is at right angle

Measuring tools 2.1 Introduction

There are several types of this kind of tools:

Measuring tools 2.1 Introduction

- used in trimming work by

Measuring tools 2.1 Introduction

Planes are classified according to its size

- for heavy rough work.

- for smoothing and straightening

Measuring tools 2.1 Introduction

The different types of drilling tools are:

Measuring tools 2.1 Introduction

1. Single screw jaw

Measuring tools 2.1 Introduction

Measuring tools 2.1 Introduction

Measuring tools 2.1 Introduction

Wood is that fibrous substances which

Measuring tools Introduction

Measuring tools Introduction

Measuring tools Introduction

Measuring tools Introduction

Measuring tools Introduction

Measuring tools Introduction

The common causes of decay in wood are: