3.defining Culture and Society From The Perspectives of

DEFINING CULTURE AND SOCIETY
FROM THE PERSPECTIVES OF

ANTHROPOLOGY AND SOCIOLOGY
SOCIETY By “territory”
A society describes a
group of people who sociologists refer to a
share a common definable region- as
territory and a culture. small as a
neighborhood
EX: BARANGAY, CITY,
COUNTRY, ASIA
CULTURE
refers to “that complex whole which
encompasses beliefs, practices, values,
attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts,
symbols, knowledge, and everything that
a person learns and shares as a member of
society”.
CULTURE SOCIETY
REPRESENTS:
REPRESENTS:
BELIEFS
SOCIAL STRUCTURES
PRACTICES
ORGANIZATIONS
ARTIFACTS
Neither society nor culture could exist
without the other
TYPES OF SOCIETY
Sociologists have classified the different types of societies into
six categories, each of which possesses its own unique
characteristics.
Although humans have established
many types of societies throughout
history, sociologists and
anthropologists (experts who study
early and tribal cultures) usually refer
to six basic types of societies, each
defined by its level of technology.
1. Hunting and gathering
societies
These are
the earliest
forms of
7 ADD A FOOTER society. MM.DD.20XX
1. Hunting and gathering societies
These are
small and
generally with
less than 50
members
and is
8 ADD A FOOTER
nomadic. MM.DD.20XX
1. Hunting and gathering
societies
The members survive primarily by hunting,

9 ADD A FOOTER MM.DD.20XX
trapping, fishing, and gathering edible plants.

some division
of labor based
on gender
Hunting and
gathering
societies were
10 ADD A FOOTER also tribal
MM.DD.20XX
2. Pastoral Societies
Rely on products
through the
domestication and
breeding of animals
for transportation
11 ADD A FOOTER
and food.MM.DD.20XX
 The word 'pastoral'
comes from the Latin
root word pastor,
which means
'shepherd.' Someone
living in a pastoral
society is called a
pastoralist.
 These are common
in areas where crops
cannot be supported
and only have to
move when the land
in which animals
gaze is no longer
usable.
 allow certain of its members
(those who are not
domesticating animals) to
engage in nonsurvival
activities.
 Traders, healers, spiritual
leaders, craftspeople, and
14 ADD A FOOTER
people with other specialty
MM.DD.20XX
professions appear.
3. Horticultural Societies
These societies rely on the cultivation of fruits,

vegetables, and plants in order to survive.

3. Horticultural Societies
 They are often forced to relocate when the resources of the
land are depleted or when the water supplies decrease.

4. Agricultural societies
 Focuses on mode of production

 They rely on the use of technology in order to cultivate crops
in large areas, including wheat, rice, and corn.

Productivity increases, and as long as there are

plenty of food, people do not have to move.

Greater degrees of social stratification

appeared in agricultural societies.

 Farmers provided warriors
with food in exchange for
protection against invasion
by enemies. A system of
rulers with high social
status also appeared.
This nobility organized
warriors to protect the
society from invasion.
5. Industrial societies
 Sociologists refer to the period during the 18th century when

the production of goods in mechanized factories began as
the Industrial Revolution.

. The Industrial Revolution appeared first in

Britain, and then quickly spread to the rest of
the world.
They use advanced sources of energy to run

large machinery which led to industrialization.
Led to innovations in transportation led people to

travel, work in factories, and live in cities.
6. Post-industrial societies
Their economy is based on services and

technology, not production.
6. Post-industrial societies
 The economy is
dependent on tangible
goods, people must
pursue greater
education, and the new
communications
technology allows work
to be performed from a
26 ADD A FOOTER variety of locations.
MM.DD.20XX
GROUP ACTIVITY: OUR IDEAL
SOCIETY
Creatively describe your Ideal society by combining
three categories. Consider the following factors:
SOCIAL INTERACTION (SOCIAL)
LIVELIHOOD (ECONOMY)
LEADERSHIP (GOVERNMENT)
RESOURSES (ENVIRONMENTAL)
ASPECTS OF
CULTURE
Cultures have key features (classification and elements)
and characteristics that are present in all cultures
CULTURE
the characteristic
features of everyday
existence (such as
diversions or a way
of life) shared by
people in a place or
30 time
CULTURE
the set of shared
attitudes, values,
goals, and practices
that characterizes
an institution or
31 organization
MM.DD.20XX
Classification of Culture
1. Material Culture
 Cultural components that are visible and
tangible
 All material objects or those components or
elements of culture with physical representation
such as tools, furniture, buildings, bridges,
gadgets, etc.
32 MM.DD.20XX
Classification of Culture
1. Nonmaterial Culture
nontangible or without physical
representation
can be categorized into cognitive
and normative nonmaterial culture.
33 MM.DD.20XX
NONMATERIAL
COGNITIVE CULTURE
 includes the ideas, concepts,
philosophies, designs, etc. that are
products of the mental or intellectual
functioning and reasoning of the human
34
mind. MM.DD.20XX
NONMATERIAL
NORMATIVE CULTURE
 includes all the expectations,
standards and rules for
human behavior.
35 MM.DD.20XX
ELEMENTS OF
CULTURE
All cultures consist of key elements that are crucial
to human existence:
1. BELIEFS
 are conceptions or ideas people
have about what is true in the
environment around them.
 EX: like what is life, how to value it, and how one’s beliefs on the
value of life relate with his or her interaction with others and the
world.
37 MM.DD.20XX
1. BELIEFS
 These may be based on
common sense, folk wisdom,
religion, science, or a
combination of all of these.
38 MM.DD.20XX
Possible different sources:
1. a person’s own experiences or
experiments
2. the acceptance of cultural and societal
norms (e.g. religion)
3. what other people say (e.g.education or
mentoring).
SAMPLE OF COMMON BELIEFS:
1. I am in charge of my life.
2. I don’t need the approval of others to
succeed
3. “We are here for a purpose”
4. What goes around, comes around.
5. Marriage = Happily ever after
Philippines Superstitious Beliefs:
 Do not comb hair at night, because your parents
can die.
 Do not sleep with wet hair, because you can
become crazy.
 Bad luck is when the picture falls from a wall.
 Do not break the mirror, because you will be
unhappy.
2.VALUES
 describes what is appropriate or
inappropriate (good or bad;
desirable or undesirable; worthy
or unworthy) in a given society
or what ought to be.
43 MM.DD.20XX
2.VALUES
These are broad, abstract,
and shared to influence and
guide the behavior of people.
44 MM.DD.20XX
2.VALUES
People live in a culture
wherein symbols are used to
understand each other.
45 MM.DD.20XX
VALUES SYMBOLS
verbal (words)
nonverbal
(acts, gestures, signs, and objects) that
communicate meaning that people recognize
and shared.
47 MM.DD.20XX
3. LANGUANGE
 is a shared set of spoken and
written symbols.
 It is basic to communication and
transmission of culture. It is known
as the storehouse of culture.
48 MM.DD.20XX
4.TECHNOLOGY
 refers to the
application of
knowledge and
equipment to ease the
task of living and
maintaining the
environment.
49 MM.DD.20XX
4.TECHNOLOGY
It includes all artifacts,
methods and devices
created and used by
people.
50 MM.DD.20XX
5. NORMS
are specific
rules/standards to guide
appropriate behavior.
51 MM.DD.20XX
Proscriptive Defines and tells
us things not to
Types do.
Prescriptive Defines and tells
us things to do .
Also known as customs, these are norms for
Folkways everyday behavior that people follow for the
sake of tradition or convenience.
These are strict norms that control moral and
Mores ethical behavior. Mores are norms based on
Forms definitions of right and wrong.
These are norms that society holds so strongly
Taboos
that violating it results in extreme disgust.
These are codified ethics, and formally agreed,
Laws written down and enforced by an official law
enforcement agency.
EXAMPLE OF FOLKWAYS
•1. Proper dress

•2. correct manner
•3. proper eating behaviour
•4. personal hygiene
Taboos
enforcement agency.
EXAMPLE OF MORES
May result to severe penalties:
1. Murder
2. Theft
3. Rape
4. Fraud
5. corruption
Taboos
enforcement agency.
EXAMPLE OF TABOOS
•Abortion - terminating a pregnancy
•Addiction - addiction to legal or illegal drugs,
including alcoholism
•Adultery - sexual intercourse with someone
other than your spouse
•Bestiality or Zoophilia - sexual relations
between a human and an animal
•Bigotry - speaking negatively about someone of
another race
EXAMPLE OF TABOOS
Fornication - sexual relations between people not
married to one another
Homosexuality - sexual attraction or relations with
people of the same gender
Illegal drugs - using or abusing illegal drugs
Incest - sexual relations between relatives. Different
cultures have different definitions of how close a
relative would be considered taboo
EXAMPLE OF TABOOS
Intermarriage - marriage between people
who are closely related
Polygamy - having more than one spouse at
the same time
Pornography - showing body parts for sexual
excitement
Suicide - the taking of one's own life
Taboos
enforcement agency.
By themselves, norms are
guidelines for human behavior.
Sanctions encourage conformity to
norms.
Sanctions are socially imposed
rewards and punishments in society
which may be formal or informal.
CHARACTERISTICS
OF CULTURE
1. Dynamic, Flexible, and
Adaptive
Most societies interact with other
societies, and lead to exchanges of
material (e.g., tools and furniture) and
nonmaterial (e.g., ideas and symbols)
components of culture.
65
Dynamic
Culture is dynamic as it responds to the
changing needs of time, alongside to the
motion and actions within and around it.
When one aspect changes within a
system, culture easily responds to it.
66
EXAMPLE:
In the culture of China, binding of foot is part
of their lives. Through this, the beauty of women is
being portrayed and emphasized through out the
country. But because of the development of
technology and medical stuffs, further studies about
foot binding were conducted. After analyzing the
studies, foot binding is now being condemned in
China.
67
Flexible
Culture is capable of being flexible
to be able to face any challenges
that life would bring.
68
EXAMPLE:
Amish people are very strict and particular with
their culture. They still make decision-making
balanced in a sense that both their organization
and culture can survive the inevitable changes
around them, especially through modern times.
69
are a group of traditionalist Christian church fellowships with Swiss German.
Adoptive
People use technology, ideas and
activities in order to survive and
expand the human culture and
society, this only depicts that culture is
adaptive.
70
EXAMPLE:
Technology usage has been a part of
the evolving modern culture in which
people need the gadget to survive in
this era. For example, people are
using smartphones to spread and
share one's culture.
71
2. Shared and may be
Challenged
(given the reality of social
differentiation). As we share culture
with others, we are able to act in
appropriate ways as well as predict
how others will act.
72
EXAMPLE:
Almost all people living in the
Philippines share the Filipino
language, dress similar styles, eat
many of the same food, celebrate
same holidays.
73
3. Learned through socialization
and enculturation
It is not biological, we do not inherit it but
learn as we interact in society. Much of
learning culture is unconscious. We learn,
absorb, and acquire culture from
families, peers, institutions, and the media.
76
Enculturation is also known as socialization.
As he meets people of his culture he gets more and more
information and deep understanding of real life situations
which later help him in his own experiences.
4. Patterned social interactions
Culture as a normative system has the
capacity to define and control human
behaviors. Norms are cultural
expectations in terms of how one will
think, feel, or behave as set by one’s
culture.
81
5. Integrated
This is known as HOLISM, or the various
parts of a culture being interconnected or
interlinked. All aspects of a culture are
related to one another and to truly
understand a culture, one must learn about
all of its part, not only a few.
84
6.Transmitted through
socialization/enculturation
As we share our culture with other, we
were able to pass it on to the new
members of society or the younger
generation in different ways.
85
7. Requires language and other
forms of communication
In the process of learning and
transmitting culture, we need
symbols and language to
communicate with others in society.
86
1. Dynamic, Flexible, and Adaptive
2. Shared and may be Challenged
3. Learned through socialization and enculturation
4. Patterned social interactions
5. INTEGRATED
6. Transmitted through socialization/enculturation
7. Requires language and other forms of
communication
87
Orientations in Viewing Other
Cultures
Ethnocentrism
is the view of things in which one’s
own group is the center of
everything and all others are scaled
and rated with reference to it.
90
Ethnocentrism
Each group nourishes its own
pride and vanity, boasts itself
superior, exalts its own divinities,
and looks with contempt on
outsiders.
91
Ethnocentrism
Judging another culture
solely by the values and
standards of one’s own
92
culture.

3.defining Culture and Society From The Perspectives of

Încărcat de

Informații document

Descriere originală:

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

3.defining Culture and Society From The Perspectives of

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

DEFINING CULTURE AND SOCIETY

FROM THE PERSPECTIVES OF

The members survive primarily by hunting,

trapping, fishing, and gathering edible plants.

These societies rely on the cultivation of fruits,

vegetables, and plants in order to survive.

16 ADD A FOOTER MM.DD.20XX

 Focuses on mode of production

in large areas, including wheat, rice, and corn.

Productivity increases, and as long as there are

plenty of food, people do not have to move.

Greater degrees of social stratification

appeared in agricultural societies.

 Sociologists refer to the period during the 18th century when

the Industrial Revolution.

. The Industrial Revolution appeared first in

They use advanced sources of energy to run

Led to innovations in transportation led people to

Their economy is based on services and

•1. Proper dress

S-ar putea să vă placă și