At the end of the lesson students will be able

to compare and contrast the following process

in PLANTS AND ANIMALS:
REPRODUCTION
DEVELOPMENT
NUTRITION
GAS EXCHANGE
TRANSPORT/CIRCULATION
REGULATION OF BODY
FLUIDS
CHEMICAL AND NERVOUS
CONTROL
IMMUNE SYSTEMS
SENSORY AND MOTOR
MECHANISMS
 COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE
DEVELOPMENT AND NUTRITION OF PLANTS
AND ANIMALS
MAKE A CHART, TABLE OR A
DIAGRAM TO PRESENT THE
DIFFERENCE AND SIMILARITIES
IN DEVELOPMENT AND
NUTRITION OF PLANTS AND
ANIMALS.
 PLANTS AND
ANIMALS
DEVELOPMENT
AND
PREPARED BY:
NUTRITION
MS. MILA MAY N. ABARRO
DEVELOPMENT
The primitive ancestor plants and
animals have likely unicellular
eukaryote.(phylogenetic evidence)
there is not much similar between
genes that make up the body plan of
plants and animals (molecular
evidence)
plants cells are fixed (no
movement) while animals are motile
AT THE UNICELLULAR STAGE
plants cells are positionally
fixed (not capable of
movement)
Whereas Animal cells are
motile (capable of
movement).
The body Plan of plants is
highly regulated by
environment.
Whereas the body plan of
Animals is clearly determined
by its genes.
 LIFE CYCLES
PLANTS
undergo alternation of
generations (sexual and
asexual life cycles)
ANIMALS
has only one continuous
multicellular stage (after
fertilization)
During MEOSIS, Plants
produce spores first before
forming the gametes.
Whereas in Animals, the
gametes are directly formed.
MEIOSIS PLANTS
plants produce
spore first before
forming the gametes
ANIMALS
gametes are
directly formed.
MORPHOGENESIS (CHANGE IN SHAPE)
PLANTS
 plants grow and develop continuously until
they die
grow by increasing their cell size
ANIMALS
develop into a distinct and complete body
shape (adulthood)
grow by increasing the number of their cells
process of providing or obtaining
food necessary for health,
survival, and growth of an
organism. In this process, an
organism takes in, digest and uses
the different substances obtained
from various food sources.
NUTRIENTS
provide energy for the
organism’s metabolic
processes such as growth,
maintenance, reproduction,
and even immunity.
1. AUTOTROPHIC
manufacture their
own nutrients by
synthesizing
inorganic materials.
TYPES OF AUTOTROPHIC
a. photoautotrophic
directly use the energy
from the sun and other
inorganic substances such
as carbon dioxide and
water from organic food.
e.g plants, bacteria and
protists
b. chemoautotropic
use chemicals to create simpler organic
substances important for survival.
most bacteria and members of the
group of archaea that live in extreme
environments such as volcanoes and
deep- sea vents
common inorganic substances by
chemoautotrophs (hydrogen sulfide,
sulfur,ammonia)
 2. HETEROTROPHIC
cannot make their
own food, and thus
obtain their energy
by digesting
organic matter.
CLASSIFICATION
a. saprophytic or saprotrophic
obtain their food from dead
organic matter. These organisms
secrete digestive juices to the
surroundings which will be
later absorbed their body surface.
e.g fungi and bacteria
b. parasitic
 takes food from other
organism. Exhibited in
plants and animals. Can
either inside or outside the
host.
PARASITE- takes food
HOST-where the food is
taken
b. 1 .Ectoparasitism- when the
parasites is outside the body of
the host.
e.g fleas in dogs lice in
humans
b. 2 Endoparasitism- live
inside the body of the host.
e.g roundworm (ascaris
lumbricoides) hookworm
c. holozoic
organism ingest solid and
liquid food. The food is then
absorbed and digested in the
body.
1. Ingestion
The process of taking food
inside the body is called ingestion
2. Digestion
In digestion the ingested food is
converted into simple form with the
help of digestive enzymes.
3. Absorption
In this stage the food digested in second
step is absorbed into the cells of body.
4. Assimilation
Assimilation is the process of utilizing the
food absorbed in third step by various cells of
the body.
5. Egestion
Egestion is the final step of holozoic
nutrition in which the undigested food is
removed from the body.
TYPE
a. herbivorous-
takes in only plants
e.g sheep, rabbit,
cows, panda
b. carnivorous- eat other animals.
e.g lions. tigers, sharks
Pitcher plants Sundews
c. omnivorous-
takes in both
plants and
animals
e.g pigs, hens,
bears
An animal’s diet provides
chemical energy, which is
converted into ATP and powers
processes in the body.
Animals need a source of organic
carbon and organic nitrogen in
order to construct organic
molecules.
Essential nutrients are
required by cells and
must be obtained from
dietary sources.
ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS
•There are four classes of essential
nutrients:
 Essential amino acids
 Essential fatty acids
 Vitamins
 Minerals
1.ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS
Animals require 20 amino
acids and can synthesize
about half from molecules
in their diet.
The remaining amino acids, the
essential amino acids must be
obtained from food in preassembled
form.
A diet that provides insufficient
essential amino acids causes
malnutrition called protein
deficiency.
Meat, eggs, and cheese
provide all the essential amino
acids and are thus “complete”
proteins.
Most plant proteins are
incomplete in amino acid
makeup.
Individuals who eat only plant
proteins need to eat specific plant
combinations to get all essential
amino acids.
Some animals have adaptations
that help them through periods
when their bodies demand
extraordinary amounts of protein.
Essential amino acids from a vegetarian diet
8 Essential amino acids for adults

Methionine Beans
and other
Valine legumes
Threonine
Histidine
Phenylalanine
Leucine
Corn (maize)
and other grains Isoleucine

Tryptophan

Lysine
2.ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS
Animals can synthesize most of the
fatty acids they need.
The essential fatty acids are certain
unsaturated fatty acids that must be
obtained from the diet.
Deficiencies in fatty acids are rare.
3.VITAMINS
Vitamins are organic molecules
required in the diet in small amounts.
Many vitamins function as coenzymes.
13 vitamins essential to humans have
been identified.
Vitamins are grouped into two
categories: fat-soluble and water-soluble.
4.MINERALS
Minerals are simple
inorganic nutrients, usually
required in small amounts.
Minerals serve a variety of
important functions including
enzymes cofactors.
DIETARY DEFICIENCIES
Undernourishment is the result of a
diet that consistently supplies less
chemical energy than the body
requires.
Malnourishment is the long-term
absence from the diet of one or more
essential nutrients.
UNDERNOURISHMENT
An undernourished individual will
Use up stored fat and carbohydrates
Break down its own proteins
Lose muscle mass
Suffer protein deficiency of the brain
Die or suffer irreversible damage.
MALNOURISHMENT
Malnourishment can cause
deformities, disease, and death.
Malnourishment can be corrected by
changes to a diet.
Insights into human nutrition have
come from epidemiology, the study of
human health and disease in
populations.
Neural tube defects
were found to be the
result of a deficiency
in folic acid in
pregnant mothers.