Ups

Uninterrupted Power Supply
Simhadri
Control and Instrumentation Department
Simhadri Super Thermal Power Station
Content Click to edit Master title style
1 UPS Topology 5 Protections in to

Click UPS
edit Master text styles
2 Nature of Load & Harmonics 6 Review of the concepts
3 Redundancy 7 References
4 Battery Management
Copyright
Copyright © 2016
© 2016 NTPC Limited
Your Company – Simhadri
All Rights Reserved. Super Thermal Power Station. All Rights reserved 2
UninterruptedClick
Powerto edit Master title style
Supply
 An uninterruptible power supply (UPS), uninterruptible power source or sometimes called a battery
backup is a device which maintains a continuous supply of electric power to connected equipment by
supplying power from a separate source when utility power is not available.
Copyright
Copyright © 2016
Need for UPS Click to edit Master title style
 While not limited to any particular type of equipment, a UPS is typically used to protect computers,
telecommunication equipment or other electrical equipment where an unexpected power disruption
could cause injuries, fatalities, serious business disruption or data loss.
• Uninterruptable Power Supply Or UPS is normally regarded as the ultimate solution to power
problems. It protects the load from AC Utility supply interruptions:-
Voltage & Frequency variations
 Superimposed Noise
 Blackouts
 Brownouts
 Surges
 Spikes
Sags etc..& provides continuous regulated pure power to the load.
Copyright
Copyright © 2016
Capacity Click to edit Master title style
 UPS units come in sizes ranging from units which will back up a single computer without monitor (around 200 VA) to
units which will power entire data centers or buildings (several megawatts).
 Larger UPS units typically work in conjunction with generators.
Copyright
Copyright © 2016
Click to edit Master title style
Standby Generator
 A UPS is not to be confused with a standby generator, which does not provide protection from a momentary power
interruption and may result in an interruption when it is switched into service, whether manually or automatically.
 However, such generators are typically placed before the UPS to provide cover for lengthy outages.
6
Copyright
Copyright © 2016
UPS DESIGNS Click to edit Master title style
 The general categories of modern UPS systems are on-line or off-line, the latter often referred to as standby.
7
Copyright
Copyright © 2016
UPS Topology Click to edit Master title style
• Static UPS
• Rotary UPS
Copyright © 2016 Your Company All Rights Reserved. 8

Click
Basic elements of toUPS
Static edit Master title style

Offline UPS Click to edit Master title style
OUTPUT
Mains I/P
Battery

Offline UPS Click to edit Master title style
OFF Line UPS
The OFF-Line UPS provides smaller and lighter UPS which is also more economical. The OFF-Line UPS has
the utility power line as the priority power source where the inverter is only an off-line standby power. This
means that the load will receive power from utility directly at all times except when power failure occurs.
The inverter will then supply power to the load. The main difference between ON Line UPS and OFF Line
UPS is that the inverter in an OFF Line UPS does not supply to the load most of the times and load gets the
raw utility power in the OFF-Line UPS unlike ON Line UPS wherein the stabilized power is fed to load at all
times.
The OFF Line UPS has advantage of smaller size, lighter weight & economical price.

• Line Interactive UPS
AVR OUTPUT
Mains I/P
Battery

Line Interactive UPS
• Line Interactive UPS :

• The line interactive UPS is basically very much like the Off- Line UPS where the utility power supplies the load
directly during the normal operation. In Line Interactive UPS, the utility power will go through 1 to 2 stages of
filter aimed at trying to filter off some unwanted noise.
The voltage regulator (AVR) is incorporated to regulate the output voltage during normal operation. This also
results in a much wider input operating window of voltage, typically -30% to +10% of the nominal voltage
making the Line -Interactive UPS more suitable for locations where power voltage problem is persistent.

Click to edit
Double Conversion UPS Master title style
• ON Line UPS :
• On Line UPS is also sometimes called Double Conversion UPS. AC power from the utility supply is fed into
the rectifier / charger to be converted in to DC.
This DC will maintain the charge on the battery and at the same time supply DC power to the inverter. The
inverter will then invert the DC source to become an AC supply for the load.
During power failure, the DC power will be drawn from the battery bank for uninterruptible supply to load.
When AC power is restored, the rectifier will then charge the battery and continue to supply energy for the
load through the inverter which powers the load.

Click to edit
Double Master title style
Conversion
• ON Line UPS :
Mains I/P OUTPUT
Battery

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UPS Topology to edit Master title style
• Double Conversion :

Click
Doubleto edit Master title style
Conversion
• ON Line UPS with Bypass :
Mains I/P
OUTPUT
Battery
Bypass

Click toUPS Topology
edit Master title style
• Rotary UPS :

• Rotary UPS : Advantages
– Low output impedance,
•High fault correction current
•Output voltage less susceptible to distortion
– Total isolation from power supply system transient
– Do not cause power supply system voltage distortion

• Rotary UPS : Advantages
– System without batteries

– Efficiency higher than static UPS
– Higher tolerance to adverse environment
– Suitable for higher ratings above 1000 KVA

UPS Topology
• Rotary UPS : Disadvantages
– High sound level; Remedy : Special silencing enclosures
– More maintenance, long repair time
– Special foundation & complex installation
– Further expansion, reconfiguration, paralleling etc. not easy
– Short backup time
– Higher Initial Cost
•DG for more back up time

Redundancy

TYPES OF REDUNDANCY
&
UPS CONFIGURATION

SIGNLE LINE DIAGRAM OF UPS
• UPS is available in following configuration:
1) Stand alone system
2) Hot Standby Redundant system
3) Parallel Redundant system
4) Split redundant system
5) N + 1 Redundancy

STAND-ALONE UPS SYSTEM
BATTERY
MAINS INPUT
SYSTEM OUTPUT
V
Hz.
A
V
Hz.
UPS
V
Hz.
AUX.
Hot Standby Redundant UPS System
•Both modules are constantly operational, however, at any give instant in

time, only one module supplies power to the load.
•The back-up module is synchronized to the utility line, which is the
alternate line of the hot stand-by module. The on-line module is
synchronized to the output of the static switch of the hot-standby module.


HOTClick to edit
STANDBY Master title
REDUNDANT style
UPS SYSTEM

Parallel Redundant UPS System
Parallel Redundancy refers to the simultaneous operation of two or
more UPS systems operating in parallel. In a two-UPS parallel
redundant system, as in Figure 1, each UPS module is capable of
supplying power to the entire load, in the absence of the other module.
However, when both modules are operational i.e. in the normal mode of
operation, each of the two UPS modules supplies only 50% of the load
power.

•Parallel Redundant UPS configurations require additional control layers,

over and above that of a single UPS module, of complicated supervisory
sensing and controls in order to ensure that there is no net power flow
between the parallel UPS modules.

UPS- A
MAINS 1 RECTIFIER INVERTER STATIC S/W
1+1 CONT
OUTPUT
BATTERY BANKS
1+1 CONT STATIC S/W

MAINS 2
RECTIFIER INVERTER
UPS- B
MAINS 3
MAINTENANCE
BYPASS REGULATOR BYPASS

Click to
PARALLEL edit Master title
REDUNDANT UPS style
SYSTEM
With Input Isolation Transformer

Split Redundant UPS System
•In a Split redundant configuration, two UPSs are online and available
to supply power to connected loads. Both UPSs are independent of
each other and fully capable of protecting all downstream loads.
•With the increasing concept of dual power packs, split redundancy is
getting wider acceptance.

Redundancy...
Split Redundancy

Redundancy...
Single Point of
Hot Stand-by Failure

Redundancy...
NO Single Point of
Parallel Redundancy Failure
UPS- A
RECTIFIER INVERTER STATIC S/W
MAINS 1
1+1 CONT
OUTPUT
BATTERY BANKS
1+1 CONT STATIC S/W

MAINS 2
RECTIFIER INVERTER
UPS- B
MAINS 3
MAINTENANCE
BYPASS REGULATOR BYPASS

WORKING PRINCIPLE OF UPS

Click to editPRINCIPLE
WORKING Master title OF
styleUPS.
The UPS consists of four major sections:

1.Rectifier / Charger
2.Inverter
3.Static- Switch
4.Battery

•1.Rectifier / Charger section: Incoming AC supply is converted
to DC through phase controlled rectifier. The rectifier operates
according to the constant voltage, current limiting principle and shall
incorporate a "Soft Start" feature to gradually accept load on initial
energizing.
•The rectifier section of the UPS system is capable of precise

regulation to prevent damage to the battery.

Click to edit
WORKING Master titleOF
PRINCIPLE style
UPS.
•The rectifier / charger is designed to completely charge the battery.

Facility for the initial battery rapid charge operation is provided by
Manual & Automatic means.
•The DC rectifier senses the battery charging current and adjust the DC
bus voltage to maintain the charging current limit to a preset level. A
separate current sensing circuit provides for adjustment of battery
current.

Click to edit Master title style +ve DC
Load
I/p AC
-ve DC
For Positive cycle of input AC

Click to edit Master title style +ve DC
Load
I/p AC
-ve DC
For Negative cycle of input AC

Click to edit Master
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF UPStitle style
2. Inverter:
•This section converts the D.C. power to a regulated A.C. The
inverter employed is of the PWM (Pulse Width Modulated)
type.
•IGBTS are used to switch the DC supply at frequency 6 KHz
to 12 KHz depending upon the rating. By switching a train of
pulses through one IGBT bridge circuit and alternatively
through second IGBT circuit at the required output frequency,
the output sine wave builds-up.

Click to INVERTER
• The function of INVERTER is to convert DC power in to AC. The inverter usually employed is of
PWM (Pluse width Modulation) type. Power transistors or MOSFETs or IGBTs are used to switch
the DC supply at a frequency decided by the control card. By switching a train of pluses through
one transistor bridge circuit and alternatively through second transistor circuit, the required
output AC is developed.
• In PWM the switching pluses are slightly longer near the center of the outgoing waveform than
near to the cross-over point. By varying the pulse width in this way, the output AC waveform can
be controlled very accurately.
• To understand how Inverter converts DC in to AC let us see following example of single phase
inverter having 4 switches:

Click+ve
toDCedit Master title style
T1 T4 Load
T3 T2
-ve DC
FIG1. When T1, T2 ON and T3,T4 OFF

Click+ve
toDCedit Master title style
T1 T4 Load
T3 T2
-ve DC
FIG2. When T3, T4 ON and T1,T2 OFF

V Click to edit Master title style
T1,T2 ON
100V
10ms
t
T3,T4 ON
10ms 100V
FIG3.

IGBT
• The insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) combines the positive attributes of BJTs and MOSFETs.
• BJTs have lower conduction losses in the on-state, especially in devices with larger blocking voltages,
but have longer switching times, especially at turn-off while MOSFETs can be turned on and off much
faster, but their on-state conduction losses are larger, especially in devices rated for higher blocking
voltages.
• Hence, IGBTs have lower on-state voltage drop with high blocking voltage capabilities in addition to fast
switching speeds.

1.5
0.5
0
1 14 27 40 53 66 79 92 105 118 131 144 157 170 183 196 209 222 235 248 261 274 287 300 313 326 339 352
- 0.5
-1
- 1.5

2.5
1.5
0.5
1 20 39 58 77 96 115 134 153 172 191 210 229 248 267 286 305 324 343 362
- 0.5
-1
- 1.5
-2
- 2.5

15
10
1 23 45 67 89 111 133 155 177 199 221 243 265 287 309 331 353
-5
- 10
- 15

3) Static-switch
•The static bypass switch is provided to ensure that even in the event of
an inverter failure, the supply of power to the load will maintained
automatically, and without break by connecting it to the incoming Bypass
supply.
•The static switch employs a pair of back-to back thyristors. One set is in
series with the inverter output and another in series with Bypass supply

Static Switch
Inverter Phase
Output
Bypass Phase

WORKING PRINCIPLE
Click to edit Master titleOF UPS.
style
4.BATTERY:
•When mains fails, the battery takes over the DC supply of the inverter
without any interruption. The voltage of the battery is supervised by the
control card. Right before the battery voltage reaches its end an alarm
(LOW BATT) is generated. When the battery voltage reaches its end,
the UPS is switched-off automatically, to prevent an abnormal
discharging of the battery. Battery is supporting the charger in case of
transient surge and dip at the inverter.

Role of Battery In UPS
• To provide reliable emergency DC power to the

inverter when the normal power fails or degrades.

ClickType
to edit Of
Master title style
Batteries
BATTERY
MAINTENABLE BATTERY MAINTENANANCE FREE BATTERY
ACIDIC ALKLINE
ACIDIC ALKLINE
LATB LAPB Ni-CD

VRLA VRPP

Maintenance Free Battery
•Maintenance is not required
•Boost voltage is not recommended however some
manufactures like HBL Nife, Amara-Raja etc. allow to charge
the battery in boost Mode @ 2.3 V/cell
•Life of battery : SMFB 3 to 5 yrs VRLA Better than 10 yrs,
however it depends on no. of charge / discharge cycles and
ambient temperature.
•It is kept in control room along with the UPS and hence
separate room is not required

ClickAcid
Lead to editTubular
Master title style
Battery
•Electrolyte is Sulphuric Acid
•Types
•High discharge
•Normal discharge
•Float & Equalizing charging is required.

•Boost charging is required during initial charging and in a
year
•Requires routine & heavy maintenance.
ClickAcid
Lead to edit Master title
Tubular style
Battery
•Voltage level:
•Nominal Voltage : 2.0 V/cell
•Float Voltage : 2.25 V/cell
•Equalize Voltage: 2.35 V/cell
•Boost voltage : 2.7 V/cell
•End cell voltage :1.75 V/cell
•Expected life 10 to 12 years.
•Used in automobile & Industrial applications.
•Less Expensive than Ni-Cd battery
NICKEL CADMIUM BATTERY
• Used where Maximum Operating Reliability is

required.
• Long Service Life, Low Maintenance.
• Excellent charge retention, operation over wide
Temperature range.
• Inherently long life about 20-25 years.

NICKEL CADMIUM BATTERY
• Costlier compared to other batteries.

• Required boost voltage 1.55 V-1.7 V/cell for charging.
• State of Charge factor is to be considered where
proper boost voltage is not applied.
• Every Mains resumption, boost voltage is required.

ClickBattery
to editSizing
Master title style
Factors
• Following are the factors normally required for battery selection:
• Ageing : 0.8 (Not applicable for LAPB)
• Design Margin : 1.1
• Temp. Correction Factor : As per minimum site temperature
• State of Charge Factor : ~0.95 (Only for Ni Cd Batteries)
NOTE : Above factors increase Ah capacity of
battery & cost and are considered as per
customer requirement.

ON-LINE UPS Click to edit Master title style
 An on-line UPS always powers the load from its own internal energy supply, the battery in the case of a static battery
UPS, which is in turn continuously charged by the input power.
28 June 2019 PMI Revision 00 63

STANDBY UPS Click to edit Master title style
 In a standby system the load is powered by the input power directly and the backup power circuitry is only invoked
when the utility power fails.
 Most UPS below 1 kVA are of the standby variety which are cheaper, though inferior to on-line systems which have
no delay between a power failure and backup power being supplied.

Click toOFedit
MAJOR COMPONENTS UPS Master title style
 CHARGER
 BATTERY
 INVERTER
 STATIC SWITCH
 ALTERNATE SUPPLY

Input Load
Rectifier Inverter Static Switch
Battery Bank Bypass

supply


CHARGER Click to edit Master title style
 Chargers take 3 phase 415V AC input from MCC, convert them to DC (240V adjustable) using SCRs and a charger
control board.
 Each charger should have the capacity to supply the load on UPS plus the floating charge requirements of the battery
connected to it.

BATTERY Click to edit Master title style
 Lead – acid batteries of ‘Standard’ & ‘Exide’ make are used in 200MW units.
 There are 120 cells connected in series to give 620AH (Standard) & 700 AH
(Exide).
 Each cell floats at 2.2V.
 The battery, as mentioned before, is connected in parallel to chargers and can
supply the UPS load without interruption in case the chargers fail.

INVERTER Click to edit Master title style
 Inverters takes an input 210 to 280 V DC from chargers or battery and

converts them to 240V AC.
 First the DC voltage is converted to square wave using SCRs.
 The SCRs gate pulses can be controlled to slightly alter frequency.
 In latest UPS inverters IGBTs are being used.

INVERTER Click to edit Master title style
 These square waves are filtered and sine wave component extracted in constant voltage transformer.
 This AC voltage is fed to static switch.

IGBT Click to edit Master title style
 The insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) combines the positive attributes of
BJTs and MOSFETs.
 BJTs have lower conduction losses in the on-state, especially in devices with
larger blocking voltages, but have longer switching times, especially at turn-off
while MOSFETs can be turned on and off much faster, but their on-state
conduction losses are larger, especially in devices rated for higher blocking
voltages.
 Hence, IGBTs have lower on-state voltage drop with high blocking voltage
capabilities in addition to fast switching speeds.


 The Insulated (sometimes called Isolated)

Gate Bipolar Transistor combines the simple
gate drive characteristics of the MOSFET with
the high current and low saturation voltage
capability of bipolar transistors by combining
an isolated gate FET for the control input, and
a bipolar power transistor as a switch, in a
single device.
 The IGBT is mainly used in switching power
supplies and motor control applications.

STATIC SWITCH Click to edit Master title style
 A Static Switch using SCRs is used to switch ‘Normal’ source to load or

‘Alternate’ source to load.
 Under conditions of over current, loss of inverter square wave or inverter
output, a static switch control board triggers SCRs in a way to switch load to
‘alternate’ source.
 When inverter is healthy and ready to supply load, pushing ‘inverter to load’
PB will change load to the inverter.

ALTERNATE SUPPLY
 A 240 V AC supply from EMCC is given as alternate source.

 This supply is fed through a Constant Voltage Transformer to meet the requirement of the Load.

MBS Click to edit Master title style
 Manual Bypass Switch is used to Bypass the Inverters completely.

 This is a make before break switch.
 This switch is used only when the UPS is to be taken for maintenance and Loads are live.

Click
LINE DIAGRAM OF UPSto edit Master title style

DISTRIBUTION Click to edit Master title style
 THERE ARE TWO AC DISTRIBUTION BOARDS FOR DISTRIBUTING THE

UPS SUPPLY TO THE LOADS.
 MANY CRITICAL LOADS LIKE BMS(FSSS), ACS, ATRS, DAS WILL HAVE
REDUNDANT SUPPLIES FROM BOTH THE ACDBs.
 OTHER IMPORTANT LOADS ARE EXCITATION SYSTEM, OXYGEN
ANALYSERS, AUXILIARY RELAY PANELS, ANNUNCIATION SYSTEM, PA
SYSTEM ETC.

UNINTERRUPTED POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM
Click to edit(UPS)
Master title style
MAKE:FUJI ELECTRIC
MODEL:CVCF-500 SERIES
RATING:2X45KVA
UPS MAIN COMPONENTS / SECTION:-
(1) RECTIFIER
(2) INVERTER
(3) SERVO CONTROLLED VOLTAGE STABLISER
(4) BATTERY BANK
(5) STATIC BYPASS TRANSFER SWITCH
(6) UPS MAIN CONTROLLER ELECTRONIC CARD

Click toUPSedit Master title style
OVERVIEW
3-PHASE AC I/P 240VAC

415V 248VDC
MCB1
AC/DC DC/AC
BATTERY BANK
RECTIFIER INVERTER MCB3
RECTIFIER INVERTER
3-PHASE AC I/P 240VAC
415V 248VDC MCB2
AC/DC DC/AC
240VAC MCB4
3-PHASE AC I/P
STATIC BYPASS TRANSFER
415V 240VAC SWITCH
SCVS
Servo controlled voltage stabilizer

RECTIFIER SECTION 248 VDC
+
Y
FS
3-PHASE AC
FS
C
FS
FS
STAR & DELTA

CONNECTION TO
FS
CANCELLING HARMONICS
FS

ClickINVERTER
to edit Master title style
SECTION
+
BASE BASE
DRIVE DRIVE
UNIT UNIT
BASE AC RMS
248V DC DRIVE 115VAC
SIGNAL
RECTANGULAR WAVE
BASE BASE
DRIVE DRIVE
UNIT UNIT
_
TRANSISTOR SWITCHING FREQUENCY:750HZ IN PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

Click to edit
INVERTER OUTPUTMaster title style
TRANSFORMER
STEP UP TRANSFORMER
L-1 C-2 L-2
AC
RMS
115VAC MCB
RECTANGULAR
240V
WAVE
AC
FILTER L-1 & PRIMARY WINDING CHANGED

RECTANGULAR WAVE INTO SINUSOIDAL WAVE

Click to editBANK
BATTERY Master title style
+ + - + - + - + -
1 2 3 4
240V DC
_ - + - + - + - +
110 109 108 107
NO OF CELLS : 110
CELLS RATING : 700AH
FLOAT VOLTAGE : 248V DC

Click to ACDB
ACDB-1 ACDB-2
UPS OUTPUT
240V
AC

Click to edit Master
TROUBLE INDICATION AT DISPLAY UNIT OF UPS:-
title style
(1) OUTPUT OVERLOAD

(2) INVERTER FAILURE
(3) INPUT BREAKER TRIP
(4) FUSE BLOWN
(5) RECTIFIER FAILURE
(6) FAN FAILURE
(7) BATTERY VOLTAGE LOW
(8) INVERTER OVER VOLTAGE
(9) INVERTER UNDER VOLTAGE

TROUBLE INDICATION AT DISPLAY UNIT OF SCC:- Click to edit Master title style
(1) DC GROUND FAULT
(2) DC HIGH VOLTAGE
(3) DC LOW VOLTAGE

INVERTER:- Click to edit Master title style
(1) INPUT DC : 188VDC – 288VDC

(2) FREQUENCY REGULATION :50 HZ +-0.15
(3) OVERLOAD CAPACITY :A)FOR 10MTS -125%
B) FOR 10 SECS -150%
(4)OUTPUTCURRENT LIMITING : A) 151%-160% (FACTORY SET)
B) DCCT PROVIDED IN CASE CURRENT EXCEEDS 200%.THIS TRIPS THE
INVERTER.
(5) PROTECTION FROM OVERLOAD, SHORT CIRCUIT.
(6) SELF PROTECTING AGAINST AC AND DC TRANSIENTS VOLTAGES

RECTIFIER:- Click to edit Master title style
(1) CURRENT LIMITING:125% OF RATED CAPACITY,BATTERY MCCB TRIPS, AND PULSING OFF THE RECTIFIER.
FREQUENCY SYNCHRONISATION RANGR ITH STAND BY SOURCE :50HZ +-2HZ. WHEN BYPASS FREQ. COMESBACK
WITHIN49-51HZ,UPSGETS SYNCHRONISED WITH BYPASS.

Power Quality Problems
 Temporary Interruption
 Long-Term Interruption (Black-outs)
 Momentary Interruption (Brown-outs)
 Sag or Under-Voltage
 Swell or Over-Voltage
 Transient, Impulse or Spike
 Notch
 Noise
 Harmonic Distortion
•A sophisticated design of the single module UPS enables facility

designers to implement Cascaded Redundant UPS Systems. Often
hailed for their simplicity, these systems use the back-up UPS modules
as the alternate line of the default UPS module. As shown in Figure 2,
these systems function with minimal changes to the individual UPS
modules.

DO’S AND DON’TS
DO’S
Always keep the UPS module clean
Always follow Turn “OFF” and Turn “ON” Sequences
All operation sequence should be performed by qualified person only
 Always follow the maintenance procedure
 In any abnormal condition , record the meter readings and indication on front panel and
seek support from “Hi-Rel”
DON’TS
 Do not use corrosive chemicals or soap to clean the panels
 Do not open the front door or side covers during cleaning from outside
 Do not touch metallic parts, wires , PC cards etc. when the front door is open and system is
running
 Do not operate batt. isolator and output isolator in normal running condition.
 Do not put “OFF” CBI in normal running condition
 Do not touch battery when DC GND fault indication is glowing

What a good UPS

should have…..

UPS Attributes...
• Excellent Transient Response

• High Crest Factor Load Handling Capability
• High Fuse clearing Capability
• Low Noise
• Low THD
• Wide Frequency Synchronization Window
• Connectivity

UPS Attributes...
Excellent Transient Response
• Requirements:
– Fast instantaneous voltage sensing
– Fast Correction
• Design Support:
– Fast sensing by Hall effect DCCT
– Microprocessor / DSP based control
– High Switching Frequency PWM inverter

UPS Attributes...
High Crest Factor
• Requirements:
– High Instantaneous current value
• Design Support:
– High current handling capacity of Inverter IGBT, Filter
– High Switching Frequency PWM inverter

UPS Attributes...
High Fuse Clearing Capability
• Requirements:
– Downstream Fuse to be cleared in < 4 ms
• Design Support:
High current rating of IGBT
IGBT + Capacitor gives clearing current
At Zero cross over, only IGBT provides current - 300% of
rated current
Hall effect sensor
UPS Attributes...
Low Noise
• Design Support:
– High frequency switching
– Low heating, reduced fan
size, less noise
– Less harmonics

UPS Attributes...
Low THD
• Requirements:
– Low input THD
– Low output THD
• Design Support:
– Input: 12P/18P/24P/PWM/Filter
– Output: High Frequency Switching frequency PWM
inverter

UPS Attributes...
Wide Frequency Synchronization Window
• Requirements:
– More availability of secondary source
• Design Support:
– High switching frequency PWM inverter, Reduced size of
filter
– Microprocessor based control

UPS Attributes...
Connectivity
• Requirements:
– Compatibility with various types of networks &
Operating Systems.
• Design Support:
– DSP technology
– Connectivity ports (Hardware support)
– Protocol (Software Support)

UPS
Protection..

How UPS should be protected ?
• RFI / EMI filter protection
• Input voltage surge protection using GMOV
• Input current spikes protection through Line chokes and
Semiconductor fuses
• Input under voltage & over voltage protection
• Soft start feature for Charger and Inverter

How UPS should be protected ?
• Battery protection through current limit
• Battery reverse polarity protection
• DC over-voltage and under-voltage protection
• Inverter Short circuit and over temperature Protection
• di/dt and dv/dt protection for power devices

Load
Protection..

How Load should be protected?
• Low THD
• Superior Transient Response
• Inverter overvoltage, undervoltage, Short circuit
protection
• Static switch provided at the output of Inverter will
isolate the load during failure of inverter from faulty
module and transfer the load to alternate source or
second Inverter without any break

Isolation
Transformer

Isolation Transformer
• Isolates the incoming power from load.
• Protects the loads from Spikes, Common mode noise.
• Provides DC isolation and protect the IGBT bridge
• Reduce High Frequency Noise Generated by Rectifier
SCRs due to series reactance

Transformer
Click to editPosition & style
Master title Benefits
At Input
• Input neutral is not carried. Helps in maintaining the batteries
At Output
• Helps in generating floated output
• Inverter doesn’t see direct fault
In Bypass
• Input neutral is not carried
• Galvanic isolation between load & input

Isolation
Click Transformer
to edit Master title style
• Conclusion:
• Drastically reduces the threat of harmful transient
reaching critical equipments
• Limits inrush current and simplifies circuit breaker

sizing
• Improves power quality and UPS system performance

Switch Gear

Switchgear
• Switch Gear are required for maintenance of UPS
• Input MCCB / MCB: To protect the feeder from the short

circuit current of Primary of the Transformer
• Bypass MCCB / MCB: To isolate the Bypass source from

the UPS

Switch Gear
• Battery MCCB/Switch : To Protect the battery from high
discharge current. To provide reverse polarity protection
and Undervoltage
• Inverter isolator Switch: To isolate the Inverter from the
load
• MBS (Manual Bypass Switch) : To maintain the UPS
system and provide the power to the load

Important Points
• UPS Capacity
• UPS Configuration : Stand Alone/DR/PR
• Bypass requirement : SCVS / SSVS/ CVCF
• I/P Iso Transformer : Required or not
• I/P & O/P Voltages
• Battery Back-up Period
• Battery type
• Battery sizing factors to be considered
Options required
• 6-Pulse / 12-Pulse Rectifier
• Connectivity requirement : MODBUS / Profibus /
Canbus / any other
• Battery Management System (BMS)
• Cell Booster

Testing Requirements
IEC 62040
Hardware Tests
• GA, BOM, Dimension, Physical appearance, Wiring and Labeling,
Rating of components, Paint shade / Thickness, HV & IR,
Functional Tests
• Load limiter operation
• I/P Voltage variation.
• O/P Voltage adjustment range

Functional Tests
• Load Transfer (Sync / Async)

• Parallel Operation and Sharing
• AC I/P failure return test.
• Restart test with primary AC
• Dynamic Response (Overshoot and Undershoot)
• Temperature Rise (Without redundant Fans)
• Parametric Tests {Capacity, Efficiency [@ 100 and 50 %], Ripple
content, Voltage Regulation and Total Harmonic Contents [Single
and Total]}

Servo
Click Stabliser and
to edit Master titleACDB
style
Hardware Tests
Functional Tests
• Voltage Regulation (servo stabilizer)
• Overload capacity
• Efficiency

Battery Charger and BHMS
Hardware Tests
Functional Tests
• No load and Full load test
• Ripple content [@ 100, 50 and No load].
• Voltage Regulation

Functional Tests
• Efficiency and PF [@ Module level]
• Charger overall Efficiency and PF
• Input AC current measurement
• Parallel load sharing
• Current limit
• Adjustable O/P Voltage
• I/P Over voltage and Under voltage
• O/P Over voltage alarm
• Slow walk in test of charger module

Functional Tests (BHMS)
• Battery parameter monitoring (Voltage, Current and Temperature)

• Auto / Manual Battery Discharge
• Reserve time prediction test
• Energy Management
• Remote control Float cum Boost Mode (Optional feature)

Functional Tests(Ni – Cd Battery)
• Visual, Dimensional, Mass of Electrodes
• Marking, Polarity
• Insulation Resistance
• Absence of Short Circuit
• AH Capacity
• Air pressure Test

Functional Tests (Actuator)
• Visual, Dimensional, Wiring continuity check.
• Correct phase sequence and direction of rotation.
• Setting of limit switches and Torque switches.
• Stall torque requirement
• No load current, HV and IR
• Hand wheel operation
• Mechanical position indicator, Electronic position transmitter testing.
• Potentiomer, space heater operation
• Grease leakage test


Review of concepts
Copyright
Copyright © 2016
References Click to edit Master title style
1. PMI Course Material

2. NTPC - Simhadri Stage-I & II Control & Instrumentation Drawings
Copyright
Copyright © 2016
THANK YOU

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Uninterrupted Power Supply

1 UPS Topology 5 Protections in to

2 Nature of Load & Harmonics 6 Review of the concepts

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• Line Interactive UPS :

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• Rotary UPS : Advantages

– System without batteries

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Hot Standby Redundant UPS System

•Both modules are constantly operational, however, at any give instant in

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•Parallel Redundant UPS configurations require additional control layers,

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1+1 CONT STATIC S/W

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Split Redundant UPS System

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1+1 CONT STATIC S/W

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WORKING PRINCIPLE OF UPS

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The UPS consists of four major sections:

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•The rectifier section of the UPS system is capable of precise

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•The rectifier / charger is designed to completely charge the battery.

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• To provide reliable emergency DC power to the

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