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Instrumentation
Synopsis
• Bio Potential and Electrodes
Bio Potentials
• The science of structure of the body is known as “Anatomy” and that of its function, “Physiology”.
• Topographical anatomy deals with the position of the organs in relation to each other, as they are
• seen in sections through the body in different planes.
• Microscopic anatomy (Histology) is the study of the minute structure of the organs by means of
microscopy.
• Cytology is a special field of histology in which the structure, function and development of the cells are
studied.
• Similarly, physiology, which relates to the normal function of the organs of the body, can be classified in
different ways. For example:
• Cell physiology is the study of the functions of the cells.
• Pathophysiology relates to the pathological (study or symptoms of disease) functions of the organs.
• In addition, classification into various sub-areas dealing with different organs can be made.
• For example:
• Circulatory physiology is the study of blood circulation relating to functioning of the heart.
• Respiratory physiology deals with the functioning of breathing organs.
Cardio Vascular System
• The heart has four valves (Fig. 1.1):
• • The Tricuspid valve or right atrio-ventricular valve—between right atrium and
ventricle. It
• consists of three flaps or cusps. It prevents backward flow of blood from right
ventricle to
• right atrium.
• • Bicuspid Mitral or left atrio-ventricular valve—between left atrium and left
ventricle.
• The valve has two flaps or cusps. It prevents backward flow of blood from left
ventricle to
• atrium.
• • Pulmonary valve—at the right ventricle. It consists of three half moon shaped
cusps. This
• does not allow blood to come back to the right ventricle.
• • Aortic valve—between left ventricle and aorta. Its construction is like pulmonary
valve.
• This valve prevents the return of blood back to the left ventricle from aorta.
Structure of Heart (Fig 1.1)
• The heart wall consists of three layers: (i) The
pericardium, which is the outer layer of the heart.
• It keeps the outer surface moist and prevents friction
as the heart beats. (ii) The myocardium is the
• middle layer of the heart. It is the main muscle of the
heart, which is made up of short cylindrical
• fibres. This muscle is automatic in action, contracting
and relaxing rythmically throughout life.
• (iii) The endocardiumis the inner layer of the heart. It
provides smooth lining for the blood to flow.
• There are three types of blood vessels. (i) Arteries—are
thick walled and they carry the
• oxygenated blood away from the heart. (ii) Veins—are
thin walled and carry de-oxygenated bloodtowards the
heart.
• (iii) Capillaries—are the smallest and the last level of
blood vessels. They are so small that the blood cells,
which make blood, actually flow one at a time through
them. There are estimated to be over 800,000 km of
capillaries in human being, which include all the
arteries and veins, which carry blood.
Circulation System
• pulmonary circulation
• systemic circulation
Respiratory System
• The lungs are connected to the outside
environment through a passage way
comprising nasal cavities,
Nervous System
Cut way section of Human Brain
Structure of Neuron
Sources of Bio Medical Signals
• Bioelectric Signals
• Bioacoustic Signals
• Biomechanical Signals
• Biochemical Signals
• Biomagnetic Signals
• Bio-optical Signals
• Bio-impedance Signals
Block Diagram of Bio Medical
Instrumentation