Understanding Grammar Structures and Functions

FEATURE STRUCTURE
•It is a set of attribute value

pair (AVP) that has an
agreement.
Composing
Clear and Coherent Sentences
using Appropriate
Grammatical Structures
METALANGUAGE
Prepared by Leah E. Gustilo, PhD.
Leah.Gustilo@dlsu.edu.ph
Presented by
Alair, Nneka Janelle R.
Barrera, Princess S.
Hilaga, Norsil John P.
Session Objectives
At the end of the session, participants
shall be able to:
1. understand the need for studying grammar
2. discuss the challenging approaches in

teaching grammar
Session Objectives
shall be able to:
3. identify the structures of grammar,

functions of parts of speech and
sentential terminologies
4. recall the moods in English language

Session Objectives
shall be able to:
5. categorize tenses of verb
6. identify the structures of grammar,

functions of parts of speech and
sentential terminologies
7. develop a composition using / following

the standards of grammar.
What is Metalanguage?
Metalanguage is the language

teachers and learners use to talk
about the English language,
learning and teaching.
Source: https://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/article/meta-language
What is Metalanguage?
Words and phrases such as 'verb',

'noun', 'present perfect continuous',
'phrasal verb' and 'reported speech' are
all examples of common classroom
metalanguage.
Source: https://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/article/meta-language
Six Reasons for Studying Grammar
Source: Crystal, D. (2003). English as a Global Language. UK. Cambridge University Press
Accepting the Challenge
Being Human
Exploring our Creative Ability
Solving Problems
Learning Other Languages
Increasing our Awareness

Approaches in Teaching Grammar
Celce-Murcia, M., & Larsen-Freeman, D. (1999). The Grammar Book (2nd Ed). USA. Heinle & Heinle Publishers
FORM FUNCTION
Structure Communicative
use
Two different things; but both are important.

Approaches in Teaching Grammar
FORM FUNCTION
Structure Communicative use
Being able to use the Being able to use

language grammatically the language
Help learners to accomplish both

approaches that accounts for structure and use.
Definition of Grammar
for both approaches (form and function)
Grammar is not merely a collection

of forms but rather involves the three
dimensions of what linguists refer to
as (morpho) syntax, semantics, and
pragmatics.
(Celce-Murcia, 2008)
Defining Grammar
Defining Syntax Semantics Pragmatics

Grammar Semantically Structurally Functionally
Look at its Form Meaning Use
How it is What does it When/why it is

Ask
formed? mean? used?
Focus on Accuracy Meaningfulness Appropriateness

Identifying the Functions
of the Parts of Speech
Parts
Semantical Structural Functional Kinds
of
Definition Definition Definition /Types
Speech
Name of a Preceded by Common,

Subject of
Nouns person, place, pronoun or mass,
verbs
or thing articles proper
Celce-Murcia, M., & Larsen-Freeman, D. (1999). The Grammar Book (2nd Ed).
USA. Heinle & Heinle Publishers.
Let’s do it ( Two-Gether)
Identify the functions of the following parts
of speech: Verb, Adjective, Adverb, Preposition
and Conjunction semantically, structurally and
functionally using the given worksheet.

Identifying the Functions of the Parts of Speech Worksheet 1
Parts of Semantical Structural Functional Kinds

Speech Definition Definition Definition /Types
Verb
Adverb
Adjective
Preposition
Conjunction
ANSWERS
Identifying the Functions of the
Parts of Speech
Workshop 1
Identifying the Functions of the Parts of Speech
Parts of Traditional Structural Functional Kinds/

Speech Definition Definition Definition Types
Verb Denotes Follows a Adding a auxiliary,

action or noun and is verb to a ‘be’ verbs,
state of followed by noun, action verbs,
being an adjective, completes intransitive,
an adverb the transitive,
and other sentence ditransitive
nouns
Celce-Murcia, M., & Larsen-Freeman, D. (1999). The Grammar Book (2nd Ed). USA. Heinle & Heinle Publishers.

Adverb Modifies Finally, Modify manner,

verbs and medially, verb, an time,
and adjective, place,
contribute
initially or another frequency,
meaning adverb degree
to the
sentence

Adjective Quantifies/ Between a Modifies Descriptive,

Qualifies determiner or Possessive,
nouns and a complements Demonstrative,
noun, after nouns or Indefinite
‘BE’ pronouns
Identifiable
structures
( able, ish,
ful )

Preposition Connects Precedes closely Time,

words to nouns relates to Place,
Direction,
other parts and the noun
Agent,
of the pronouns next to it Instrument
sentence

Conjunction Words between Join Subordi-
that join words, elements nating,
phrases, that are coordi-
clauses, grammati- nating,
or cally equal correla-
sentences or joins a tive
subordi-
nate clause
to a main
clause
Let’s do it (Barkadahan Fun)
Identify the functions of each

word of the given sentence. Write
your answers on a Manila paper.
Let’s do it (Group work)
Our principal sent them to his office immediately.
Part Semantical
Given Structural Functional
of
Words Definition Definition Definition
Speech
our
principal
sent
them
to
his
office
immediately
Answers
Our principal sent them to his office immediately.
Semantical Structural Functional
Given Part
Definition Definition Definition
Words of Speech
Form Meaning Use
Comes
Possessive Introduces the
our Pronoun before the
Form subject
Noun
Name of a Follows the Subject of the
principal Noun
Person Noun Verb
Precedes
sent Verb Action Word Transitive Verb
the Subject
Objective Follows the Direct Object

them Pronoun
Case Verb of the Verb
Answers
The principal sent Semantical
them to his Structural
office immediately.
Functional
Given Part
Definition Definition Definition
Words of Speech
Form Meaning Use
Shows
Shows
to Preposition Direction movement
direction
to a place
Shows Introduces the
his Pronoun Possession
ownership indirect object
Common Object of the
office Noun Place
Noun Preposition
Describes
Adverb of how the Modifies the
immediately Adverb
Manner action is Verb sent
done
Classification of Parts of Speech
Major classes/Content words/Open class:
nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs
Minor classes/Function words/Closed class:
auxiliary verbs, preposition, pronouns,

determiners, and conjunctions
Celce-Murcia, M., & Larsen-Freeman, D. (1999). The Grammar Book (2nd Ed).
USA. Heinle & Heinle Publishers.
Sentential Terminologies
Simple sentence
- contains at least one subject and
one verb and can stand alone as an
independent clause.
Compound Sentence
- consists of two or more clauses of equal

grammatical importance.
Complex Sentence
- contains a main clause and one or more
subordinate clauses.
Sentence
Description Examples
Structure
contains at least one subject
and one verb and can stand The teacher
Simple
alone as an independent was late.
clause.
two independent clauses (or Glenda waited

complete sentences) for the teacher,
Compound connected to one another but the
with a coordinating teacher was
conjunction late.
Sentence
Description Example
Structure
made up of an independent Because

clause and one or Glenda went
Complex
more dependent home early, I
clauses connected to it. did not see
her in class.
Dependent clauses start with
subordinating conjunctions:
• after • though
• although • unless
• as • until
• because • when
• before • whenever
• even though • whereas
• if • wherever
• since • while
Moods in English Language:
Major Mood
• Indicated • Imperative • Subjunctive
Minor Mood
• Tag declarative • Exclamative

• Tag imperative • Optative
• Pseudo-imperative • Curse
• Alternative questions
Moods in English Language
Major
Definition Examples
Moods
Used for factual Dr. Reyes facilitates

statements the workshop.
(Declarative)
INDICATIVE
Does Dr. Reyes
Or pose questions facilitate the
(interrogative) workshop?
Major Moods Definition Examples
Facilitate the
Expresses a
workshop now.
IMPERATIVE request or
Would you facilitate
command
the workshop?
If I were in your
expresses a wish, position, I would do
a suggestion, a the same.
SUBJUNCTIVE command, or a
condition that is It is imperative that
contrary to fact the meeting begin at
once.
Forming the Subjunctive
Non-
Non-subjunctive Subjunctive Subjunctive
subjunctive
Form Form Example
Example
He is It is essential
is be
allowed. he be allowed.
If I were
I was
was were ordered, I'd
ordered.
go.
present verbs in
the third
remove I wish that
person He cooks.
the s he cook.
singular
(i.e., ending s)
Source: What is the subjunctive mood. (n.d.)
Retrieved from : http://www.grammar-monster.com/glossary/subjunctive_mood.htm
Minor Mood
• Tag declarative
You've been drinking again, haven't you.
• Tag imperative
Leave the room, wont you!
Minor Mood:
• Pseudo-imperative
Move and I'll shoot! Move or I'll shoot!
• Alternative questions
Does John resemble his father or his mother?
• Exclamative
What a nice day!
Minor Mood:
• Optative
May he rest in peace.
• Curse
You pig, bag of wind, . . .!
Rap the world with tenses of

verb. Use the Irregular Verbs on
the sheet provided.

the sheet provided.

the sheet provided.
Voice of the Verb
Active Voice
The subject functions as the theme and

is most often the actor or agent of the
action of the verb.
Source: Towson University Online writing support (2017).

Retrieved from: https://webapps.towson.edu/ows/activepass.htm
Voice of the Verb
Examples of Active Voice
The man must have eaten five hamburgers.
The man (subject) is doing the eating (verb).
Marilyn mailed the letter.
Marilyn (subject) is doing the mailing (verb).

Voice of the Verb
Passive Voice
The thing acted upon by the
agent has been made the theme.

Voice of the Verb
Examples of Passive Voice
Five hamburgers must have eaten by the man.
Hamburgers (subject) are being eaten (verb).
The letter was mailed by Marilyn.
The letter (subject) was being mailed (verb).

Subject-Verb Agreement Rules
Source: Subject Verb Agreement. (n.d.) Retrieved from

https://www.grammarbook.com/grammar/subjectVerbAgree.asp
Rules in Subject-Verb Agreement
Rule 1.
A subject will come before a phrase beginning

with of. This is a key rule for understanding
subjects. The word of is the culprit in many,
perhaps most, subject-verb mistakes.

Rule 1.
A bouquet of yellow
roses (lend, lends )
color and fragrance
to the room.
Rule 2.
Two singular subjects connected by
or, either/or, or neither/nor
require a singular verb.

Rule 2.
1. My aunt or my uncle ( is, are ) arriving
by train today.
2. Neither Juan nor Carmen ( is, are )

available.
3. Either Kiana or Casey ( is, are )
helping today with stage decorations.
Rule 3.
The verb in an or, either/or, or

neither/nor sentence agrees with the
noun or pronoun closest to it.

Rule 3.
1. Neither the plates nor the

serving bowl ( goes, go )
on that shelf.

Examples:
Neither the plates nor the

serving bowl goes on that shelf.
Neither the serving bowl nor

the plates go on that shelf.

This rule can lead to bumps in the road.
For example, if I is one of two (or more)

subjects, it could lead to this odd sentence:
Awkward:
Neither she, my friends, nor I am

going to the festival.

If possible, it's best to reword such

grammatically correct but awkward sentences.
Better:
Neither she, I, nor my friends are going
to the festival.
OR
She, my friends, and I am not going to the festival.

Rule 4.
As a general rule, use a plural verb

with two or more subjects when
they are connected by and.

Rule 4.
1.A car and a bike

( is, are ) my means
of transportation.
Examples:
A car and a bike are my means of

transportation.
But note these exceptions:
Exceptions:
Ham and eggs is my favorite breakfast.

K TO 10 CRITICAL CONTENT IN ENGLISH

When the subject stands for a definable unit,

such as money, measurement, time,
organization and food combinations, the
verb is indeed singular.

Rule 5a.
Sometimes the subject is separated

from the verb by such words
as along with, as well as, besides,
not, etc.

These words and phrases are not part of

the subject. Ignore them and use a
singular verb when the subject is
singular.

Rule 5a.
1. The politician, along with the
newsmen, (is, are) expected shortly.
2. Excitement, as well as
nervousness, (is, are) the cause
of her shaking.

Rule 5b. Parentheses are not part of the
subject.
Example:
Joe (and his trusty mutt) was always

welcome.
If this seems awkward, try rewriting

the sentence.

Rule 6.
In sentences beginning
with here or there,
the true subject follows the
verb.

Rule 6.
1. There ( is, are ) four hurdles to

jump.
2. There ( is, are ) a high hurdle to

jump.
3. Here ( is, are ) the keys.

NOTE:
The word there's, a contraction of there is, leads to

bad habits in informal sentences like There's a lot
of people here today, because it's easier to say
"there's" than "there are."
Take care never to use there's with a plural subject.

Rule 7.
Use a singular verb with

distances, periods of time,
sums of money, etc., when
considered as a unit.

Rule 7.
1. Three miles ( is, are) too far to
walk.
2. Five years ( is, are ) the maximum

sentence for that offense.
3. Ten dollars ( is, are ) a high price

to pay.
Rule 8
With words that indicate portions—

e.g., a lot, a majority, some, all—
Rule 1 given earlier in this section is
reversed, and we are guided by the
noun after of. If the noun after of is
singular, use a singular verb. If it is
plural, use a plural verb.

Rule 8.
1. A lot of the pie ( has, have )
disappeared.
2. A third of the people ( is, are )
unemployed.
3. All of the pie ( is, are ) gone.
4. Some of the pies ( is, are ) missing.
NOTE:
If in context none seems like a singular

to you, use a singular verb; if it seems
like a plural, use a plural verb. Both are
acceptable beyond serious criticism."
When none is clearly intended to mean
"not one," it is followed by a singular
verb.

Rule 9
With collective nouns such

as group, jury, family, audience,
population, the verb might be
singular or plural, depending on
the writer's intent.

Examples:
All of my family has arrived

OR have arrived.
Most of the jury is here

OR are here.

NOTE
The following is the sort of flawed sentence one
sees and hears a lot these days:
The staff is deciding how they want to vote.
Careful speakers and writers would avoid assigning

the singular is and the plural they to staff in the same
sentence.

Consistent:
The staff are deciding how they want to vote.

Rewriting such sentences is recommended
whenever possible.
The preceding sentence would read even better
as:
The staff members are deciding how

they want to vote.
Rule 10
The word were replaces was in sentences
that express a wish or are contrary to fact.
Example:
If Joe were here, you'd be sorry.

If Joe were here, you'd be sorry.
The sentence demonstrates

the subjunctive mood, which is used to
express things that are hypothetical,
wishful, imaginary, or factually
contradictory.

Examples:
I wish it were Friday.
In the example, a wishful statement, not a

fact, is being expressed; therefore, were,
which we usually think of as a plural verb, is
used with the singular it. (Technically, it is
the singular subject of the object clause in
the subjunctive mood: it were Friday.)

Examples:
She requested that he raise his hand.
Normally, he raise would sound terrible to

us. However, where a request is being
expressed, the subjunctive mood is correct.

Let’s do it ( Going Solo)
Circle the correct verb in each of the
sentences on the worksheet.

Write your answers in your notebook…
Encircle the correct form of the

verb that agrees with the subject.
1. Annie and her brother ( is, are ) at school.
2. Either my mother or my father ( is, are )

coming to the meeting.
3. The dog or the cats ( is, are ) outside.

4. Either my shoes or your coat ( is, are)
always on the floor.
5. George and Tamara ( doesn’t, don’t ) want

to see that movie.
6. Benito ( doesn’t, don’t ) know the answer.
7. One of my sisters ( is, are ) going on a trip

to France.
8. The man with all the birds ( lives, live ) on
my street.
9. The players, as well as the captain, ( want,
wants ) to win.
10. Either answer ( is, are ) acceptable.
11. Every one of those books ( is, are ) fiction.
12. Nobody ( know, knows ) the trouble I’ve

seen.
13. ( Is, Are ) the news on at five or six.?
14. Mathematics ( is, are ) John’s favorite

subject, while Civics ( is , are ) Andrea’s
favorite subject.
15. Eight dollars ( is, are ) the price of a movie

these days.
16. ( Is, Are ) the tweezers in the drawer?

17. Your pants ( is, are ) at the cleaners.
18. There ( was, were ) fifteen candies in that

bag. Now! There ( is, are ) only one left!
19. The committee ( debates, debate ) these

questions carefully.
20. The committee ( leads, lead ) very different

lives in private.
21. The Prime Minister, together with his wife
( greets, greet ) the press cordially.
22. All the CDs, even the scratched one, ( is,

are ) in this case.
Let’s check our work…
Encircle the correct form of the
verb that agrees with the subject.
1. Annie and her brother ( is, are ) at school.
2. Either my mother or my father ( is, are )

coming to the meeting.
3. The dog or the cats ( is, are ) outside.

4. Either my shoes or your coat ( is, are)
always on the floor.
5. George and Tamara ( doesn’t, don’t ) want

to see that movie.
6. Benito ( doesn’t, don’t ) know the answer.
7. One of my sisters ( is, are ) going on a trip

to France.
8. The man with all the birds ( lives, live ) on
my street.
9. The players, as well as the captain, ( want,
wants ) to win.
10. Either answer ( is, are ) acceptable.
11. Every one of those books ( is, are ) fiction.
12. Nobody ( know, knows ) the trouble I’ve

seen.
13. ( Is, Are ) the news on at five or six.?
14. Mathematics ( is, are ) John’s favorite

subject, while Civics ( is , are ) Andrea’s
favorite subject.
15. Eight dollars ( is, are ) the price of a movie

these days.
16. ( Is, Are ) the tweezers in the drawer?

17. Your pants ( is, are ) at the cleaners.
18. There ( was, were ) fifteen candies in that

bag. Now! There ( is, are ) only one left!
19. The committee ( debates, debate ) these

questions carefully.
20. The committee ( leads, lead ) very different

lives in private.
21. The Prime Minister, together with his wife
( greets, greet ) the press cordially.
22. All the CDs, even the scratched one, ( is,

are ) in this case.
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/exercises/5/13/34
Let’s do it ( Picture Perfect!)
Write a composition
about the pictures to be shown
on the next slides using/
following the standards of
grammar.
Picture Perfect! Rubric
RUBRIC in
Evaluating Writing
Picture
1
Picture
2
Picture
3
METALANGUAGE
Prepared by Leah E. Gustilo, PhD.
Leah.Gustilo@dlsu.edu.ph
Presented by
MARIVI L. CASTRO and HILDA D. NGILAY
FREE PORTALS for IM and
Professional Development
https://education.microsoft.com
www.gfslibrary.com
American English
British Council
MOOC
Thank
you
God bless us all!

Understanding Grammar Structures and Functions

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FEATURE STRUCTURE

•It is a set of attribute value

1. understand the need for studying grammar

2. discuss the challenging approaches in

3. identify the structures of grammar,

4. recall the moods in English language

5. categorize tenses of verb

6. identify the structures of grammar,

7. develop a composition using / following

Metalanguage is the language

Words and phrases such as 'verb',

Accepting the Challenge

Exploring our Creative Ability

Learning Other Languages

Increasing our Awareness

Two different things; but both are important.

Being able to use the Being able to use

Help learners to accomplish both

Grammar is not merely a collection

Defining Syntax Semantics Pragmatics

Look at its Form Meaning Use

How it is What does it When/why it is

Focus on Accuracy Meaningfulness Appropriateness

Name of a Preceded by Common,

Identify the functions of the following parts

of speech: Verb, Adjective, Adverb, Preposition

and Conjunction semantically, structurally and

functionally using the given worksheet.

Parts of Semantical Structural Functional Kinds

Parts of Traditional Structural Functional Kinds/

Verb Denotes Follows a Adding a auxiliary,

Parts of Traditional Structural Functional Kinds/

Adverb Modifies Finally, Modify manner,

Parts of Traditional Structural Functional Kinds/

Adjective Quantifies/ Between a Modifies Descriptive,

Parts of Traditional Structural Functional Kinds/

Preposition Connects Precedes closely Time,

Parts of Traditional Structural Functional Kinds/

Identify the functions of each

Objective Follows the Direct Object

Major classes/Content words/Open class:

nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs

Minor classes/Function words/Closed class:

auxiliary verbs, preposition, pronouns,

- contains at least one subject and

one verb and can stand alone as an

- consists of two or more clauses of equal

two independent clauses (or Glenda waited

made up of an independent Because

• Indicated • Imperative • Subjunctive

• Tag declarative • Exclamative

Used for factual Dr. Reyes facilitates

Rap the world with tenses of

Rap the world with tenses of

Rap the world with tenses of

The subject functions as the theme and

Source: Towson University Online writing support (2017).

Examples of Active Voice

The man must have eaten five hamburgers.

The man (subject) is doing the eating (verb).

Marilyn mailed the letter.

Marilyn (subject) is doing the mailing (verb).