Internet Concepts

Network
The Internet
World Wide Web
Client-Server Model
Protocols
TCP/IP
Network
 Group of two or more devices, that are
able to communicate with one another

Computer Networks
Computer Networks
 The computers in a network are
connected via hardware and software
 Hardware
◦ Physically connects the computers together
◦ Telephone lines, fiber-optic cables, routers and
gateways, and the computers themselves
 Software
◦ Enables communication and exchange of information,
by following a set of rules, called protocols.
Why use computer Networks?
 Interoperability
◦ Different types of computers, using different
operating systems, can be connected, communicate
with each other, and share information
◦ Computers must agree to follow the same network
protocols
 Resource sharing
◦ Share data, programs, and equipment
◦ Across geographic boundaries
 Communications
◦ Cooperation between dispersed groups
Why use computer Networks?
 Improved Reliability
◦ Replication of files and resources allowing operation
to continue despite hardware failures
 Cost Efficiency
◦ Small computers have a better price/performance
ratio than large ones
 Scalability
◦ Add more computers to the network as required
 Decentralized Data Processing
Why use computer Networks?
 Centralized Data Processing
 Implementation of uniform security
measures
 Electronic Commerce
 Implementation of enterprise application
system
Local Area Network (LAN)
 A network of small computers
 Can be as small as just one shared office
or as large as a whole city
Wide Area Network (WAN)
 made up of a number of autonomous
computers distributed over a wide
geographical area.
The Internet
 A network of networks
 A collection of WAN’s and LAN’s that
have been connected up at a national and
international level.
 Millions of users
 Most open network in the world
 Socially unstratified
World Wide Web
 Based on a technology called Hypertext
(Ted Nelson, 1969), Hypermedia now
 Fast and powerful process of information
search.
Client-Server Model
 A distributed system with a server and
one or more clients.
 A network connection is only made when
information needs to be accessed.
 Internet applications have used client-
server model:
◦ FTP, e-mail, web
Client-Server Model
 Client:
◦ requests services or information from sever
computer
 Server:
◦ Responds by sending the requested information back
to the client computer
Protocols
 Sets of rules and procedures to control
the data transmission between computers
and other devices.
 Only devices using the same protocol can
communicate directly.
 A protocol describes:
◦ The format that a message must take
◦ The way in which computers must exchange a
message
Internet Protocols
 Some of the protocols used in the
Internet:
◦ TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) –
permits the computer to communicate with any
other computer regardless of the platform
◦ HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) – defines how
text, images and sounds are delivered to users
◦ HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) – transmits
information on the World Wide Web
◦ SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) – to send and
receive electronic mail
Internet Protocols
◦ NNTP (Network News Transfer Protocol) - to transmit
discussion forum messages
◦ FTP (File Transfer Protocol) – transfer files between
computers
TCP/IP
 Internet Protocol
◦ Datagram Service (Datagram = packets)
◦ IP packets contain the source and destination
addresses
◦ IP forwards individual IP Datagram from router to
router
 Transmission Control Protocol
◦ Stream-based communication being broken up and
reassembled as messages (datagrams).
TCP/IP
 Transmission Control Protocol
◦ Verifies that all packets arrive at their destination,
resends anything that get lost
◦ Packets might take different routes
◦ Reassembles the data in correct order at receiver
TCP/IP