DECLARATION:

We hereby declare that the work in this project is our own except for quotations
and summaries which we have been duly acknowledged.
20 June 2019

Name Registration number Signature

Khaddar Axmed Cusman B2EN116 .....................

Ibrahim Shaafi Yusuf B2EN150 .......................

Abdirahman Xasan maxamud B2EN1175 ........................

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ACKNOWLED GMENTS:

First and foremost, we would like to thank Allah (Subhanahu wa ta’ala) for given
us faith, health, ability strength, and patience to finish this human effort. we hope That
this project will contribute to the university research in this field.
We would to extend our sincere thanks to the lecture of our class of our class, Eng. Ahmed
Ali Abdi, for his help, suggestions, corrections, warm encouragement and considerate
understanding throughout the course of our study. We are truly grateful for all his support
and encouragement. We would like to express our appreciation to our colleagues, friends,
academic and general staff of Somali National University. And we wish to extend our
grateful application to those who had contributed directly and indirectly to the preparation
of this project.
We would like to thank our beloved family for all support, patience, understanding, And
being helpful throughout study. Especially, we give our deepest gratitude and sincere love
to our parents for their love, support, encouragement, patience, and assistance throughout
our entire life. We are forever indebted to our parents, who always keep us in their
prayers, encourage us to pursue higher goals and cheer us up in the difficult moments.

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ABSTRACT:

Centrifugal pumps have a very basic design that has been tweaked slightly over
the years to increase its efficiency. Every centrifugal pump is made of these basic parts:
impeller, casing, and shaft. The impeller is contained within the body of the pump. It has
blades water connected that contain to a hub plate when the impeller is rotated, the blades
impart centrifugal force on the water particles. As the water is spun out of the center, the
pressure and kinetic energy increase. At the edge, water is discharged.
The main object of this project is to design Centrifugal pump in AUTOCAD 2016 in 2D
Project.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page
DECLARATION........................................................................ i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT............................................................. ii
ABSTRACT.............................................................................. iii
TABLE OFCONTENT.................................................................. iv

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction...................................................................... 1
1.2 History of centrifugal pump.................................................... 2
1.3 Components of Centrifugal pump.............................................. 3
1.4 Working of Centrifugal pump.................................................. 6
1.5 Applications of Centrifugal pump.............................................. 6
1.6 Types of Centrifugal pump...................................................... 7
1.7 Principles of Centrifugal pump..................................................... 8
1.8 Advantages of Centrifugal pump................................................ 8
1.9 Disadvantages of Centrifugal pump............................................... 9

CHAPTER II LITRATURE REVIEW

2.1 introduction....................................................... 10

CHAPTER III DESIGN OF THE CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

3.1 Introduction of CAD................................................................. 12
3.2 The History of CAD.................................................................. 12
3.3 The Units of the CAD............................................................... 13
3.4 Design of Centrifugal Pump in AUTOCAD 2016............................... 13
3.4.1 Making the Centrifugal Pump............................................... 13

CHAPTER IV CONCLUSIONS AND REFERNCES

4.1 CONCLUSIONS..................................................................... 22
4.2 REFERNCES.......................................................................................... 23

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 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS:

Centrifugal pumps are used to transport fluids by the conversion of rotational
kinetic energy to the hydrodynamic energy of the fluid flow. The rotational energy
typically comes from an engine or electric motor. The fluid enters the pump impeller
along or near to the rotating axis and is accelerated by the impeller, flowing radially
outward into a diffuser or volute chamber (casing), from where it exits. Common uses
include water, sewage, petroleum and petrochemical pumping; a centrifugal fan is
commonly used to implement a vacuum cleaner. The reverse function of the centrifugal
pump is a water turbine converting potential energy of water pressure into mechanical
rotational energy. Centrifugal Pump is mechanical device used to transport fluids by the
conversion of rotational kinetic energy to the hydrodynamic energy of the fluid flow.
Centrifugal pumps are the most popular pump used and are the chief pump type in the
class of kinetic pumps. used in various sectors such as: agriculture, power generation
plants, municipal, industries, domestic purposes, etc. Common uses include: air, water,
sewage, petroleum, petrochemical pumping. Consist of two major parts: Impeller (a wheel
with vanes) and Circular Pumps are used to overcome losses in a pipe system, Centrifugal
pumps can also be applied in series or in parallel, in order to create additional flow or
head.

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1.2 HISTORY OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS:
centrifugal pump inspiration is believed to have originated by Italian Renaissance
engineer Francesco di Giorgio Martini. A water pumping machine was invented in 475, to
Brazilian historian considered to be the prototype of the process pump spares, apply to the
centrifugal force. was a mud lifting machine in late 1400” s. in 1600 Denis Papin invented
the first true centrifugal pump. which was one with straight vanes that was used for
drainage, haw ever, Papin pump is straight blade rather than bend. John. Appold, who was
a British inventor, developed the first curved vane centrifugal pump in 1851. Widespread
use in last 75 years. True centrifugal pumps developed in late 1600's in Europe and made
its way to U.S. in early800's. improved performance and better materials of construction
have helped improve efficiencies (93%+ for large pumps and 50%+ for small fractional
horsepower units). centrifugal pumps were overshadowed for decades by the use of
positive displacement machines. The key factor in the adoption of centrifugal pumps
occurred in the earlier part of the twentieth century with the development of high-speed
technology so centrifugal pumps a more practical choice than they had previously been.
For approximately seventy-five years, centrifugal pumps have been widely used across
many different industries in the light of this technological change. Centrifugal pump is
one of the most efficient and versatile pumps ever designed and thus it is the most
common pump design in use today. These pumps basically act the opposite way a water
wheel operates. Instead ofusing moving fluid to create shaft power, shaft power is utilized
in creating movement in a fluid. in order to assist with local drainage work, he also used
the concept to help with ventilation in a coalmine About a century later in 1781the
centrifugal pump became much more common as the steam engine was adapted to
produce rotary motion. The

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centrifugal pump has become commonly used in many industries over the last 60 years.
Interestingly the centrifugal force was afictitious force until the modern era where it was
Defined within the rotating reference plane.
1.3 COMPONENTS OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS:

There are a variety of centrifugal pumps available in the market. However,

commonly used centrifugal pumps have two basic components used: a rotary element
called impeller and stationary element known as casing. Along with these two major
components, it may also have some other components such as pump inlet, pump outlet,
suction valve, delivery valve, priming device, foot valve with a screen and pressure gauge.

1. Impeller: it is a rotor, which is provided with a series of backward curved blades. It is

mounted on a shaft, which is coupled to an external source of energy, and can be open
impeller, semi- open impeller and closed impeller.

2. Casing: it is an air-tight chamber which surrounds the impeller and is usually in the
form of a spiral or volute curve with a cross-sectional area increasing towards the
discharge opening.

3. Pump inlet (suction port): liquid enters through the suction port or the pump inlet and
flows into the pump casing.

4. Suction valve or reflux valve: its main purpose is to train water in the pump and the
suction pipe suction between the pump and the reflux valve, to help priming, reflux
valve is used when pumps are directly connected to the suction pipe.

5. Pump outlet (delivery port): liquid present inside the pump casing is thrown out of the
casing and exits the pump through the delivery port or pump outlet.

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6. Delivery valve: sometimes centrifugal pumps are fitted with a one-way valve on the
delivery pipe to regulate pump discharge.

7. Priming device (optional): It is an optional component of a centrifugal pump. A

priming device in a centrifugal pump eliminates the need for external priming
mechanism and when it is provided in a centrifugal pump, it is known as a
selfpriming centrifugal pump.

8. Foot valve with a screen (optional): the suction side of the pump consists of foot
valve at the bottom of suction line. The foot valve is one-way valve which helps to
prevent the trash from entering the suction side and at the same time retains water in
the suction line to help priming the pump.

9. Pressure Gauges (optional): A pressure g6on the discharge side close to the outlet of
the pump helps to diagnose pump system problems. It is also useful to have a pressure
gauge on the suction side

10. Bearings which constrain relative motion of the shaft (rotor) and reduce fiction
force between the rotating shaft and the stator.

11.Shaf sealing. Centrifugal pumps are provided with packing rings or mechanical seal
which helps prevent the leakage of the pumped liquid.
12. Motor which is the power source of the pump which drives the shaft.

13. Sealing arrangement which is the location where the shaft passes through the casing
is called the stuffing box.

14. Diffuser which provides more controlled flow of liquid and more efficient conversion
of velocity head into pressure head.
15. Volute which is curved funnel that increase in area as it approaches the pump.

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Figure1.3 shows the assembly the components of the centrifugal pump and their names.

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1.4 WORKING CENTRIFUGE PUMP:
Centrifugal pumps are used to induce flow or rise a liquid from a low level to a high
level. these pumps work on a very simple mechanism. A Centrifugal pump converts
rotational energy, often from a motor to energy in moving fluid. The two main parts that
are responsible for the conversion of energy are the impeller and the casing. the impeller is
the rotating part of the pump and the casing is the airtight passage which surrounds the
impeller. In a Centrifugal pump, fluid enters into the casing, falls on the impeller blades at
the eye of the impeller and is whirled tangentially and radially outward until it leaves the
impeller in to the diffuser par of casing. while passing through the impeller, the fluid is
gaining both velocity and pressure. The following chief factors affect the performance of a
centrifugal pump and need to be considered while choosing centrifugal pump: working
fluid viscosity, specific density and gravity of working fluid, operating temperature and
pressure, Net positive suction heed (NPSH) and Cavitation, and also Vapor pressure of the
working fluid.

1.5 Applications of centrifuge pump:

The fact the centrifugal pumps are the popular choice for fluid movement makes
them a strong contender for many applications and they are used across numerous
industries supplying water, poosting pressure, pumping water for domestic requirements,
assisting fire protection systems, hot water circulation, sewage drainage and regulating
boiler water are among the most common applications. Some of the major sectors that
make use of these pumps:
1. Oil and Energy Pumping crude oil, slurry, mud; used by refineries and power
generation plants
2. Industrial and fire protection industry - Heating and ventilation.
3. Waste management, Agriculture & manufacturing wastewater.

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 4. Pharmaceutical, chemical & food industries, and sugar refining
5. Various industries (Aerospace, food protection, Chemicals etc)

Figure1.5 shows the assembly applications and works of centrifugal pump.

1.6 Types of centrifugal pumps.

Centrifugal pump can be classified in to several types depending on factors such as
design, construction, application, service, compliance with a national or industry standard,
etc therefore, one specific pump can belong to different groups and at times pump is
known by its description itself, depending on shaft orientation can divided into Horizontal
pump which has horizontal shaft plane and Vertical pump which has vertical shaft plane.
on the other hand, according to the number of impellers in the pump, pumps can classify
as the following Single stage: this has a simple design and easy maintenance, ideal for
large flow rates and law pressure installations. And is commonly useful, two stage: this
type of pump has two impellers operating side by side which are used for medium head
applications. and Multi-stage: this type of pump has three or more impellers in series; for
high head service.

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FIG1.6 sows the single stage, two stage and multiple stage of the centrifugal pump
respectively.

1.7 principles of centrifugal pump:

An increase in the fluid pressure from the pump inlet to its outlet is created When the
pump is in operation. this pressure difference drives the fluid through the system. Or the
plant. the centrifugal pump creates an increase in the pressure by transferring mechanical
energy from the motor to the fluid through the rotating impeller. The fluid flows from the
inlet to the impeller center and out long its blades. The centrifugal force increases the
fluid velocity and consequently also the kinetic energy is transformed to pressure. Since
centrifugal pump is a hydraulic machine it works on the principle of forced vortex flow.
centrifugal force created by the impeller spinning at high speed inside the pump casing.
1.8 ADVANTAGES OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS:

There are many advantages of centrifugal pumps, making them extremely popular in the
modern world, mostly being a result of the simplicity at which they operate. The
simplicity allows for centrifugal pumps to generally be small in size and easy to maintain,
which permits the facility to be economical with space and inexpensive upkeep.
Essentially, they are a low-risk piece of equipment, as there is no danger of damage to the
pump if the discharge valve is

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closed while starting, which is not the case with many other pump types. An
additional attribute that makes the use of centrifugal pumps an attractive option is
that they are able to deal with large volumes and medium to low head and medium
to low viscous fluids.
1.9 Disadvantages of Centrifugal Pumps:
Although the concepts at work for a centrifugal pump are extremely rudimentary,
there are several problems that coincide with the use of centrifugal pumps. Most of
these issues however, can be prevented with thorough maintenance and upkeep,
along with proper usage. For example, centrifugal pumps must be primed prior to
being initiated. If the pump is not filled with a liquid before being started, gases and
vapors can enter the system and impair the pumps ability to operate properly
Similarly, a problem that arises with centrifugal pumps is the occurrence of
cavitations. Cavitations’ in a pump will occur first, at the inlet - where the suction
flange happens. This can be caused when the net positive suction head or head value
required to prevent cavitations from occurring is too low. Cavitations can lead to
reduced efficiency along with damage to the pump wear and corrosion of the
impeller can ensue if susp ende d solids are present in the fluid. The properties of
solids fluid can also cause damage to the pump ifthey are not ideal; for example,
fluids with a high viscosity Lastly, variables o f the pump must be closely
monitored in order to quickly defect If the flow is too low, the pump can overheat,
reducing efficiency. It is also possible for water to leak around impeller.

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 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW:
Centrifugal pump is a most common pump used in industries, agriculture
and domestic applications. The centrifugal pump creates an increase in pressure by
imparting mechanical energy from the motor to the fluid through the rotating impeller.
The fluid enters from impeller eye and flows along its blades. Bacharoudis et al. 1
[2008] states that various parameters affect the pump performance and energy
consumption. In this study, the performance of impellers with the same outlet diameter
having different outlet blade angles is thoroughly evaluated. The numerical solution of
3D, incompressible Navier-Stokes equations over an unstructured and non-uniform
grid is accomplished with a commercial Computational fluid dynamics finite volume
code. For each impeller, the flow pattern and the pressure distribution in the blade
passages are calculated and finally the head-capacity curves are compared. When
pump operates at nominal capacity, the gain in the head is more than 6% when the
outlet blade angle increases from 20° to 50°. At high flow rates, the increase of the
outlet blade angle causes a significant improvement of the hydraulic efficiency. So,
through this we can know about the effect of outlet blade angle on performance of
centrifugal pump. Kaewnai et al.2 [2009] represents to use the computational fluid
dynamics (CFD) technique in analyzing and predicting the performance of a radial
flow-type impeller of centrifugal pump. The duty point of impeller analyzed is the
flow rate and the head. In first stage meshing and its refinement in some domain has
been done. The second stage different domain identification and its material properties,
boundary conditions and convergence criteria of mesh equipped module. In last stage,
various results are calculated and analyzed for different factors affecting impeller
performance. The surface roughness value was found to have a high effect on loss.
Shah et al.3 [2010] presented numerical simulation of centrifugal pump having 200
m3/hr. capacity using commercial

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CFD package Fluent. The simulations were carried out at six different operating points
between 30% to 110% discharge, to cover the wide range of operation. It was also
observed that the pressure rise was quite gradual and uniform at rated and over rated
discharge but it was non-uniform at partial discharge. the variation of velocity is quite
uniform at rated discharge compared to part load and over rated discharge. With
increase in discharge, Head decreases, Power input increases and Efficiency of Pump
increases. Efficiency is maximum at duty point, after this point as discharge increases,
efficiency of pump decreases. Rajendran et al.4 [2012] modeled a centrifugal pump
impeller and solved using computational fluid dynamics, the flow patterns through the
pump, performance results, circumferential area averaged pressure from hub to shroud
line, blade loading plot at 50 % span, stream wise variation of mass averaged total
pressure and static pressure, stream wise variation of area averaged absolute velocity
and variation of mass averaged total pressure contours at blade leading edge and
trailing edge for designed flow rate are presented. The pressure contours show a
continuous pressure rise from leading edge to trailing edge of the impeller due to the
dynamic head developed by the rotating pump impeller. Near leading edge of the blade
low pressure and high velocities are observed due to the thickness of the blade. The
most active areas of research and development are the analysis of 2-phase flow
(cavitation and slurry flow), pump handling non-Newtonian fluids and fluid-structure
interaction. CFD approach provides many advantages compared to other approaches;
however due to the empirical nature of solution technique validation with experimental
results is usually recommended.

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CHAPTER THREE: DESIGN OF THE CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
IN AUTOCAD
3.1 Introduction of AutoCAD:
CADD is an electronic tool that enables us to make quick and accurate drawing with
the use of computer. Drawings created with CADD have a number of advantages over
drawings created on drawing board. CADD drawings are neat and, clean highly
presentable. Electronic drawings can be modified quite easily and can be presented in
variety of forms. There are about hundreds of CADD programs available in the CADD
industry today over the world. Some are intended for general drawing work while others
forced on specific engineering applications. There are programs that enable you to do 2D
drawings, 3D drawings, such as centrifugal pump, shadings, engineering calculations,
space planning, structural design, plan design and project management.
3.2 The History of CAD:
In 1883 Charles Barbage developed idea for computer. Firs CAD demonstration is
given by Ivan Sutherland (1963). A year later IBM produced the first commercial CAD
system. In fact, many changes have been taken place since then, with the advancement of
powerful computers, it’s now possible to do all the designs using CAD including two-
dimensional drawings, solid modeling, complex engineering analysis, production and
manufacturing. New technologies are constantly invented which make this process
quicker, more versatile and more power full. The first true 3D computer model created on
CAD system in the late 1970s was the 3D wireframe model. Computer generated 3D
wireframe model contain information about the location of all the corners and edges in
space coordinates. The 3D wireframe models can view from any direction as needed and
are in general reasonably good representations of 3D design. While the most CAD
systems

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creating 3D wireframe models usually starts with constructing 2D entities in 3D space.
Two of the most commonly used method for creating 3Dwirefram models are the box
method and 2D extrusion method.

3.3 THE UNITS OF THE CAD:

Every object we construct in a cad system is measured in units. So we should
determine the system of units within the cad system before creating the first geometric
entities. So that all the units we use in our project are in centimeter (cm).
3.4 Design Of Centrifugl Pump In Autocad 2016.

3.4 .1 Making Centrifugal Pump:

When making the Centrifugl Pump we will use the following commands : Circle ,
Line, poly line, Rectangle, fillet, Trim, Extend, Copy, Move, Erase, Offset, and rotate
command.

FIG: 3.1 Shows Drawing of small circle around 16cm in Radius then by using offset
Command Move up 15 cm to create the above circle.

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FIG: 3.2 Shows drawing of circle of Radius 110cm to the original center.

FIG: 3.3 Shows drawing of impeller of centrifugal pump by using Arc Command and by
using shift and right clicking then select nearest and click from here, Centre point and the
third point.

FIG: 3.4 Shows drawing of polar Array by using Arc Command and adjusting by ten
items.
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FIG: 3.5 Shows drawing of circle by using offset command offset the above circle 60cm.

FIG: 3.6 Shows moving slightly of the above circle to the right like shown in Figure.

FIG: 3.7 Shows moving slightly of the above circle to the down like shown in Figure.

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FIG: 3.8 Shows drawing of poly line of 60cm horizontally and 80cm vertically by using
shift and right click then select nearest.

FIG: 3.9 Shows drawing of fillet command of radius 10cm to the intersection of the poly
line.

FIG: 3.10 Shows drawing of offset command, offset the poly line by 30cm.

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FIG: 3.11 Shows drawing of Rectangle of 15cm by 9cm at end of the poly line.

FIG: 3.12 Shows moving the center of rectangle to the center line by matching them. And
last erase the center line.

FIG: 3.13 Shows drawing of Copy the rectangle around the middle of the lines and by
using shift and right click then select nearest to get the center.

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FIG: 3.14 Shows drawing of rotate of the rectangle by using Command rotate as shown in
figure.

FIG: 3.15 Shows moving of the rectangle to the left of suction flange of centrifugal pump
and then trim unwanted part.
-Z : A j.- i y ; * _______• -®> z si- “ m :___: \

X
<§>
d

11 ---

FIG: 3.16 Shows drawing of poly line of 60cm horizontally and 40cm vertically by using
shift and right click then select nearest.

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FIG:3.17 Shows drawing of fillet command of radius 30cm to the intersection of the poly
line.

FIG: 3.18 Shows drawing of offset command, offset the poly line by 30cm, trim unwanted
part and extend the left.

FIG: 3.19 Shows drawing of Copy the rectangle around the middle of the poly line.

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FIG: 3.20 Shows moving of the rectangle to the delivery flange position of centrifugal
pump and then trim unwanted part.

FIG: 3.21 Shows drawing of Rectangle of 30cm by 20cm at end of the poly line.

FIG: 3.22 Shows moving the center of rectangle to the center line by matching them. And
last erase the center line.

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FIG: 3.23 Shows drawing of line of 10cm and then small Circe of radius 8cm to the end
of line.

FIG: 3.24 Shows whole project assembled completely.

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 CHAPTER FOUR

CONCLUSION:
S Design of centrifugal pump project is done in AutoCAD 2016 software by using
various commands: Circle , Line, poly line, Rectangle, fillet, Trim, Extend,
Copy, Move, Erase, Offset, and rotate command.
S Boundary conditions are applied on these like on xdirectin & y direction Which
means 2D (Two dimensional).
S When we are designing the centrifugal pump in AutoCAD 2016, we use
centimeter units so that all units are in centimeter during this project of
designing centrifugal pump in AutoCAD 2016.

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 REFERENCES LIST:

1. “Centrifugal pumps for General Refinery”. Refining Department. Apt standard

610,6th Edition. January 1981.
2. “Controlling Centrifugal pumps”. Hydrocarbon processing. July 1995 water
driedger.
3. “Pump hand book”. Third edition. Igor J. Karassik. Joseph pmessina. Paul cooper
Charles c. heald.
4. “understanding NPSH for pumps " Technical publishing Co. 1975, Travis, F.
Glover.

5. Takuma nishimura, Taka muromaki, Kazuyuki Hanahara, Yukio Tada, Shigeyiki,

Kuroda and tadahisafukui (Dec-2010): damage factor estimation of centrifugal
pump.

6. International Journal of Research in Advanced Technology (IJRAT).

7. Text book of Centrifugal Pump design; first edition by John Tuzson.

8. Fundamentals and applications of centrifugal pumps by Alfred Benaroya.

9. International world pumps, sept.07 issue by Joseph R Askew.

10. International Research journal of Engineering And technology (IRJET).

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