Alexander-Sadiku

Fundamentals of Electric Circuits

Chapter 8
Second-Order Circuits
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

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 Second-Order Circuits
Chapter 8
8.1 Examples of 2nd order RCL circuit
8.2 The source-free series RLC circuit
8.3 The source-free parallel RLC circuit
8.4 Step response of a series RLC circuit
8.5 Step response of a parallel RLC

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 8.1 Examples of Second
Order RLC circuits (1)
What is a 2nd order circuit?

A second-order circuit is characterized by a second-

order differential equation. It consists of resistors
and the equivalent of two energy storage elements.

RLC Series RLC Parallel RL T-config RC Pi-config

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 8.2 Source-Free Series
RLC Circuits (1)
• The solution of the source-free
series RLC circuit is called as the
natural response of the circuit.

• The circuit is excited by the energy

initially stored in the capacitor and
inductor.

The 2nd d 2 i R di i
order of 2
  0
expression
dt L dt LC

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 8.2 Source-Free Series
RLC Circuits (3)
There are three possible solutions for the following
2nd order differential equation:
d 2 i R di i
2
  0
dt L dt LC

d 2i di
=>
2
 2a  w0i 0
2
where a
R
and w0 
1
dt dt 2L LC
General 2nd order Form

The types of solutions for i(t) depend

on the relative values of a and w.
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 8.2 Source-Free Series
RLC Circuits (4)
There are three possible solutions for the following
2nd order differential equation:

d 2i di
2
 2a  w0i 0
2

dt dt

1. If a > wo, over-damped case

i(t )  A1e s1t  A2e s2t where s1, 2   a  a  w0
2 2

2. If a = wo, critical damped case

i(t )  ( A2  A1t )eat where s1, 2   a
3. If a < wo, under-damped case

i (t )  e at ( B1 cos w d t  B2 sin w d t ) where wd  w02  a 2

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8.2 Source-Free Series
RLC Circuits (5)

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 8.2 Source-Free Series
RLC Circuits (6)
Example 1
If R = 10 Ω, L = 5 H, and
C = 2 mF in 8.8, find α,
ω0, s1 and s2.

What type of natural

response will the circuit
have?

• Please refer to lecture or textbook for more detail elaboration.

Answer: underdamped
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 8.2 Source-Free Series
RLC Circuits (7)
• Example 3

• Find i(t) in the circuit.

Assume that the circuit has
read steady state at t=0‾

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 8.2 Source-Free Series
RLC Circuits (7)
Example 3
The circuit shown below
has reached steady state
at t = 0-.

If the make-before-break
switch moves to position b
at t = 0, calculate i(t) for
t > 0.

• Please refer to lecture or textbook for more detail elaboration.

Answer: i(t) =
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8.3 Source-Free Parallel
RLC Circuits (1)
0
1
Let i (0)  I 0   v(t )dt
L
v(0) = V0
Apply KCL to the top node:

t
v 1 dv
  vdt  C  0
R L  dt

Taking the derivative with

respect to t and dividing by C

The 2nd d 2 v 1 dv 1
order of 2
  v0
dt RC dt LC
expression
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 8.3 Source-Free Parallel
RLC Circuits (2)
There are three possible solutions for the following
2nd order differential equation:

d 2v dv 1 1
2
 2a  w02v  0 where a  and w0 
dt dt 2RC LC

1. If a > wo, over-damped case

v(t )  A1 e s1t  A2 e s2t where s1, 2   a  a 2  w0
2

2. If a = wo, critical damped case

v(t )  ( A2  A1t ) eat where s1, 2   a

3. If a < wo, under-damped case

v(t )  e at ( B1 cos wd t  B2 sin wd t ) where wd  w02  a 2

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8.3 Source-Free Parallel
RLC Circuits (3)

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 8.3 Source-Free Parallel
RLC Circuits (4)
Example 4
Find v(t) for t>0, assuming v(0)= 5 v, i(0)=0, L=
1 H, and C = 10 mF. Consider 3 cases R = 1.923
Ω, R = 5 Ω, R = 6.25 Ω

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 8.4 Step-Response Series
RLC Circuits (1)
• The step response
is obtained by the
sudden application
of a dc source.

The 2nd d 2 v R dv v vs
order of 2
  
expression dt L dt LC LC
The above equation has the same form as the equation for
source-free series RLC circuit. 15
 8.4 Step-Response Series
RLC Circuits (2)
The solution of the equation should have two components:
the transient response vt(t) & the steady-state response vss(t):

v(t )  vt (t )  vss (t )
 The transient response vt is the same as that for source-free case
vt (t )  A1e s1t  A2e s2t (over-damped)
vt (t )  ( A1  A2t )e at (critically damped)
vt (t )  e at ( A1 cos wd t  A2 sin wd t ) (under-damped)

 The steady-state response is the final value of v(t).

 vss(t) = v(∞)
 The values of A1 and A2 are obtained from the initial conditions:
 v(0) and dv(0)/dt. 16
 8.4 Step-Response Series
RLC Circuits (3)
Example 5
Find v(t) for t>0, Consider these cases: R = 5 Ω,
R = 4 Ω and R = 1 Ω

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 8.5 Step-Response Parallel
RLC Circuits (1)
• The step response
is obtained by the
sudden application
of a dc source.

The 2nd d 2i 1 di i Is
order of 2
  
expression
dt RC dt LC LC
It has the same form as the equation for source-free parallel 18
RLC circuit.
 8.5 Step-Response Parallel
RLC Circuits (2)
The solution of the equation should have two components:
the transient response vt(t) & the steady-state response vss(t):

i(t )  it (t )  iss (t )
 The transient response it is the same as that for source-free case
it (t )  A1e s1t  A2e s2t (over-damped)
it (t )  ( A1  A2t )e at (critical damped)
it (t )  e at ( A1 cos wd t  A2 sin wd t ) (under-damped)

 The steady-state response is the final value of i(t).

 iss(t) = i(∞) = Is
 The values of A1 and A2 are obtained from the initial conditions:
 i(0) and di(0)/dt. 19
 8.5 Step-Response Parallel
RLC Circuits (3)
Example 6
Find i(t) for t > 0 in the circuit shown in circuit
shown below:

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