Beams and Beams

Deflection

1
Introduction

Classification of loading and

Beam Supports

2
Introduction

• Beams - structural members supporting loads at various

points along the member

• Transverse loadings of beams are classified as

concentrated loads or distributed loads

• Applied loads result in internal forces consisting of a shear

force (from the shear stress distribution) and a bending
couple (from the normal stress distribution)

• Normal stress is often the critical design criteria

My Mc M
x   m  
I I S
Requires determination of the location and magnitude
of largest bending moment

3
Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams

• Determination of maximum normal and

shearing stresses requires identification of
maximum internal shear force and bending
couple.

• Shear force and bending couple at a point

are determined by passing a section through
the beam and applying an equilibrium
analysis on the beam portions on either side
of the section.

F  F  M
y x A  MB  0

4
Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams

• Sign conventions for shear forces V and V’ and bending couples M and M’

5
Relations Among Load, Shear, and Bending Moment
• Relationship between load and shear:
 Fy  0 : V  V  V   w x  0
V   w x
dV
 w
dx
xD
VD  VC    w dx
xC

• Relationship between shear and bending

moment:
M C  0: M  M   M  V x  wx x  0
2
M  V x  2 w x 
1 2

dM
V
dx
xD

M D  MC   V dx
xC
6
 x
dV
  w  Vx  VA    w dx
dx 0

1 
x
Vx  VA   w dx  RA  wx  w L  x 
0 2 
x
dM
 V  M x  M A   V dx
dx 0

1 
x x
M x  M A   V dx  M A   w L  x  dx
0 0 2 
1 
 
x
1
M x  M A   w L  x  dx  M A  w Lx  x 2
0 2  2

7
 SOLUTION:
• Taking the entire beam as a free body,
determine the reactions at A and D.

• Apply the relationship between shear and

load to develop the shear diagram.

Draw the shear and bending • Apply the relationship between bending
moment diagrams for the beam moment and shear to develop the bending
and loading shown. moment diagram.

8
SOLUTION:
• Taking the entire beam as a free body, determine the
reactions at A and D.
MA  0
0  D24 ft   20 kips6 ft   12 kips14 ft   12 kips28 ft 
D  26 kips
 Fy  0
0  Ay  20 kips  12 kips  26 kips  12 kips
Ay  18 kips

• Apply the relationship between shear and load to

develop the shear diagram.
dV
 w dV   w dx
dx
- zero slope between concentrated loads
- linear variation over uniform load segment

9
• Apply the relationship between bending
moment and shear to develop the bending
moment diagram.
dM
V dM  V dx
dx
- bending moment at A and E is zero
- bending moment variation between A, B,
C and D is linear
- bending moment variation between D
and E is quadratic
- net change in bending moment is equal to
areas under shear distribution segments
- total of all bending moment changes across
the beam should be zero

10
   Fy  0
 wx  V  0
V   wx

 (CC ) M C 0
 x
wx   M  0
2
1 2
M   wx
2
11
Re action at the sup port ;
RA  RB  1/ 2 wL
x
dV
  w  Vx  VA    w dx
dx 0

1 
x
Vx  VA   w dx  RA  wx  w L  x 
0 2 
x
dM
 V  M x  M A   V dx
dx 0

1 
x x
M x  M A   V dx  M A   w L  x  dx
0  
0
2
1 
 
x
1
M x  M A   w L  x  dx  M A  w Lx  x 2
0  
2 2

12
   Fy  0
RA  VD  0
VD  RA
RA  P  VE  0
VE  RA  P

 (CC ) M D 0
 RA x  M D  0
M D  RA x

 (CC ) M E 0
L
 RA x  P( x  )  M E  0
2
L
M E  RA x  P( x  )
2 13
 1 
 (CC )  B
M  0  w o 
a  a   R A ( 2a )  0
 2 
1
RA  wo a
4
Between A - C 0  x  a
1 1
V1 ( x)  wo a M 1 ( x)  wo ax
4 4
Between C - B

   Fy  0  wo a  wo x  a   V2  0
1
4
1 
 (CC )  M E  0   wo ax  wo x  a   x  a   M 2  0
1
4 2 
14
 Between C - B 0  x  2a

wo a  wo  x  a 
1
V2 ( x) 
4
M 2  wo ax  wo  x  a 
1 1 2

4 2
V1 ( x) and V2 ( x) can be represented ;
1
V ( x)  wo a  wo x  a
4
M 1 ( x) and M 2 ( x) can be represented ;
1 1
M ( x)  wo ax  wo x  a
2

4 2
Second term should be included when x≥a and ignored when x<a
Or < > should be replaced by ( ) when x≥a and by 0 when x<a

15
 1
V ( x)  wo a  wo x  a
4
x x
1
M ( x)  M (0)   V ( x) dx   wo a  wo x  a dx
0 0
4
x x
1
M ( x)   wo a dx   wo x  a dx
0
4 0

1 1
M ( x)  wo ax  wo x  a
2

4 2
w  wo x  a  should be replaced by ( ) when x  a
0

and by 0 when x  a
x x
V ( x)  V (0)    w( x) dx    wo x  a dx
0

0 0

1
V ( x)  wo a   wo x  a
1

4
1
V ( x)  wo a  wo x  a
1

4
16
x  a , x  a , x  a  sin gularity funtion
0 2

x  a n when x  a
xa 
n

0 when x  a

17
18
19
Re action at the sup port ;
 (CC ) M B 0
 RA (3.6m)  1.2kN 3m   1.5kN 2.4m   1.44kNm  0
RA  2.60kN
w( x)  wo x  0.6  wo x  1.8
0 0

x x
dV
  w  Vx  V (0)    w dx  Vx  V (0)  P x  0.6   w dx
0

dx 0 0

  dx
x
Vx  RA  P x  0.6   wo x  0.6  wo x  1.8
0 0 0

Vx  RA  P x  0.6  wo x  0.6  wo x  1.8

0 1 1

Vx  2.6  1.2 x  0.6  1.5 x  0.6  1.5 x  1.8

0 1 1

x x
dM
 V  M x  M (0)   V dx  M x  M (0)   V dx
dx 0 0

  dx  M
x
M x  M (0)   2.6  1.2 x  0.6  1.5 x  0.6  1.5 x  1.8 x  2.6
0 1 1 0
o
0

 1.5 1.5 
M x  2.6 x  1.2 x  0.6  x  0.6  x  1.8   M o x  2.6
1 2 2 0

 2 2
 1.5 1.5 
M x  2.6 x  1.2 x  0.6  x  0.6  x  1.8   1.44 x  2.6
1 2 2 0

 2 2 

20
Using singularity functions to determine the slope and deflection of
a beam

21
 (CC ) M D 0
 RA x  M D  0
P
M 1  M D  RA x  x
2
d 2 y1 P dy1 P 2 P 3
EI 2
 x  EI  x  C1  EIy1  x  C1 x  C2
dx 2 dx 4 12
 (CC )  M E  0
L
 RA x  P( x  )  M E  0
2
P L
M 2  M E  x  P( x  )
2 2
d 2 y2 P P dy2 P 2 P
EI   x  L  EI   x  Lx  C3
dx 2 2 2 dx 4 2
P P
EIy2   x 3  Lx 2  C3 x  C4
12 4
x  0  y1  0
x  L  y2  0
dy1 dy2
x  L/2  dan y1  y2
dx dx 22
23
 3 3
PL2  C1  PL2  C3
128 128

24
Re action at the sup port ;
RA  2.60kN
Vx  2.6  1.2 x  0.6  1.5 x  0.6  1.5 x  1.8
0 1 1

x
dM
 V  M x  M (0)   V dx
dx 0

  dx  M
x
M x   2.6  1.2 x  0.6  1.5 x  0.6  1.5 x  1.8 x  2.6
0 1 1 0
o
0

 1.5 1.5 
M x  2.6 x  1.2 x  0.6  x  0.6  x  1.8   M o x  2.6
1 2 2 0

 2 2
 1.5 1.5 
M x  2.6 x  1.2 x  0.6  x  0.6  x  1.8   1.44 x  2.6
1 2 2 0

 2 2 

25
  1.5 1.5 2
M x  2.6 x  1.2 x  0.6  x  0.6  x  1.8   1.44 x  2.6
1 2 0

 2 2 
d2y
EI 2  M x
dx
d2y  1.5 1.5 2
EI 2  2.6 x  1.2 x  0.6  x  0.6  x  1.8   1.44 x  2.6
1 2 0

dx  2 2 
dy  2.6 2 1.2 1 .5 1.5 3
 x  x  0.6  x  0.6  x  1.8   1.44 x  2.6  C1
2 3 1
EI
dx  2 2 6 6 
 2.6 3 1.2 1.5 1.5 4 1.44
EIy   x  x  0.6  x  0.6  x  1.8   x  2.6  C1 x  C2
3 4 2

 6 6 24 24  2
x0 y0
 2.6 3 1.2 1.5 1.5 4 1.44
0 0   0.6   0 .6   1.8    2.6  C1 0  C2
3 4 2

 6 6 24 24  2
x  0  y  0,  C2  0
x  3.6  y  0
 2.6
0 3.63  1.2 3.6  0.6 3  1.5 3.6  0.6 4  1.5 3.6  1.8 4   1.44 3.6  2.6 2  C1 3.6
 6 6 24 24  2
 2.6
0 3.63  1.2 3 3  1.5 3 4  1.5 1.8 4   1.44 1 2  C1 3.6
 6 6 24 24  2
C1  2.692
 2.6 3 1.2 1.5 1.5 4 1.44
EIy   x  x  0.6  x  0.6  x  1.8   x  2.6  2.692 x
3 4 2

 6 6 24 24  2 26
x  1.8
 2.6 3 1.2 1.5 1.5 4 1.44
EIy   x  x  0.6  x  0.6  x  1.8   x  2.6  2.692 x
3 4 2

 6 6 24 24  2

27
28
29
Sample Problem 3

SOLUTION:
• Develop the differential equation for
the elastic curve (will be functionally
dependent on the reaction at A).

• Integrate twice and apply boundary

For the uniform beam, determine the conditions to solve for reaction at A
reaction at A, derive the equation for and to obtain the elastic curve.
the elastic curve, and determine the
slope at A. (Note that the beam is • Evaluate the slope at A.
statically indeterminate to the first
degree)

37
Sample Problem 3
• Consider moment acting at section D,
MD  0
1  w0 x 2  x
RA x  M 0
2  L  3

w0 x3
M  RA x 
6L

• The differential equation for the elastic

curve,
d2y w0 x3
EI 2  M  RA x 
dx 6L

38
Sample Problem 3
• Integrate twice
4
dy 1 2 w0 x
EI  EI  R A x   C1
dx 2 24 L
5
1 3 w0 x
EI y  R A x   C1x  C2
6 120 L

• Apply boundary conditions:

2 3
d y w0 x
EI  M  R A x  at x  0, y  0 : C2  0
dx 2 6L
3
1 2 w0 L
at x  L,   0 : RA L   C1  0
2 24
4
1 3 w0 L
at x  L, y  0 : RA L   C1L  C2  0
6 120
• Solve for reaction at A
1 1 1
RA L3  w0 L4  0 RA  w0 L 
3 30 10

39
Sample Problem 3

• Substitute for C1, C2, and RA in the

elastic curve equation,
5
1 1  3 w0 x  1 
EI y   w0 L  x   w0 L3  x
6  10  120 L  120 

y
w0
120 EIL

 x5  2 L2 x3  L4 x 

• Differentiate once to find the slope,


dy

w0
dx 120 EIL

 5 x 4  6 L2 x 2  L4 
w0 L3
at x = 0, A 
120EI

40
Plat aluminium mempunyai ketebalan b digunakan utk
mendukung beban terdistribusi merata w seperti pada
gambar disamping. Tentukan (a) bentuk plat yang paling
ekonomis dan (b) jika tegangan yang diijinkan 75 Mpa ,
tebal plat b=40 mm, L=800 mm dan w=135 kN/m tentukan
ho.

Bending momen
x
V ( x)  V (0)    w( x) dx   wx
0
x x
wx 2
M ( x)  M (0)   V ( x) dx    wx dx  
0 0
2
bh 2 M 6M 3wx 2 3w
jika S  dan   h 
2
 h x  h dan x
6 S b all b all b all
berhubunga n linier maka bentuk yang paling ekonomis adalah segitiga.
mencari harga ho, yaitu jika x  L

ho 
3w
L
3135kN / m  800mm  300mm
b all 0.04m 72MPa 
41
42
43