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Anatomi Anatomy of the oral cavity and pharynx in (A) the lateral view and (B) posterior view
*)Moses Kenneth et al. 2005. Atlas of Clinical Gross Anatomy Elsevier; ISBN 0323037445 P104, Fig 10.1 Divisions of the pharynx P105, Fig 10.3 Posterior view of the pharynx)
Fisiologi
Menelan
World Gastroenterology Organisation (WGO). 2014. Dsyphagia:Global Guidelines and Cascade. Avialable from :
http://www.worldgastroenterology.org/UserFiles/file/guidelines/dysphagia-english-2014.pdf
Fisiologi
Menelan
Fig 2. Stage II transport: Drawings based on a videofluorographic recording. The tongue squeezes
the bolus backward along the palate, through the fauces, and into the pharynx when the upper
and lower teeth are closest together and during early jaw opening phase (first three frames).
The bolus head reaches the valleculae while food processing continues (last two frames).*
*Matsuo & Palmer. 2008. Anatomy and Physiology of Feeding and Swallowing- Normal and Abnormal. Phys Med Rehabil Clin
N Am. 19(4): 691-707
Fisiologi
Menelan
Fig. 3 End of oral preparatory stage (A). Oral propulsive stage (B). The soft palate elevates, closing off
the nasopharynx. The area of tongue-palate contact spreads posteriorly, squeezing the bolus into the
pharynx. The larynx is displaced upward and forward as the epiglottis tilts backward (C). The upper
esophageal sphincter opens. The tongue base retracts to contact the pharyngeal wall, which contracts
around the bolus, starting superiorly and then progressing downward toward the esophagus (D). The soft
palate descends and the larynx and pharynx reopen. The upper esophageal sphincter returns to its usual
closed state after the bolus passes (E) .
*Matsuo & Palmer. 2008. Anatomy and Physiology of Feeding and Swallowing- Normal and Abnormal. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 19(4): 691-707
Etiologi Disfagia
Dysphagia
Disfagia Disfagia
Orofaringeal Esogeal
*)Prasad GA. 2007. Clinical approach to a patient with dysphagia. Medicine update. Available from: http://www.apiindia.org/pdf/medicine_update_2007/63.pdf
Manajemen Terapi Disfagia
Disfagia Orofaringeal Disfagia Esofageal
World Gastroenterology Organisation (WGO). 2014. Dsyphagia:Global Guidelines and Cascade. Avialable from : http://www.worldgastroenterology.org/UserFiles/file/guidelines/dysphagia-english-2014.pdf
Rehabilitasi Medik Modifikasi
Diet
Disfagia RM
Latihan Manuever
Penguatan swallowing
Rehabilitasi medik pada pasien disfagia dapat
dilakukan setelah diketahui etiologi dan letak Perbaikan
oral
disfagia serta manajemen terapi yang diperlukan sensory
awarness
1. Modifikasi Diet
Kanaya S. 2006. Dysphagia diets for home and hospital. Tokyo Ishiyaku Publishers Inc.
2. Perbaikan Postural
Masami, AKAI. 2015. Rehabilitation Manual 30: Dysphagia Rehabilitation Manual National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities.
Tsukada T. Taniguchi H. Ootaki S, Yamada Y, Inoue M. 2009. Effect of food texture and head posture on oropharyngeal swallowing. J Appl Physiol: 106: 1848-57
2nd . Pada Head Tilt, bolus
makanan akan menuju ke cavum
oral secara lancar
Masami, AKAI. 2015. Rehabilitation Manual 30: Dysphagia Rehabilitation Manual National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities.
Manuver dalam proses menelan akan menempatkan bagian tertentu pada
proses menelan sesuai kondisi normal dan di bawah kontrol kesadaran,
Supraglotic Super-supraglotic
Effortful Swallow
Swallow swallow
Masami, AKAI. 2015. Rehabilitation Manual 30: Dysphagia Rehabilitation Manual National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities.
4. Perbaikan Oral Sensory Awarness
Penekanan sendok ke
Pemberian bolus yang
arah berlawanan
harus dikunyag dan
dengan lidah ketika
pemberian bolus
makanan dimasukkan
dengan volume besar
kedalam mulut Gbr 7. Ice Massage (Masami,
2015)
Masami, AKAI. 2015. Rehabilitation Manual 30: Dysphagia Rehabilitation Manual National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities.
4. Latihan Penguatan
• Tujuan : menguatkan otot-otot, meningkatkan ROM dan
koordinasi rahang, mulut, bibir, lidah, palatum, serta pita
suara
Masami, AKAI. 2015. Rehabilitation Manual 30: Dysphagia Rehabilitation Manual National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities.
6. Stimulasi Elektrikal
Lim et al, (2009) menyebutkan
penggunaan Neuromuscular lectrical
stimulation (NMES) dapat memberi
stimulasi pada otot-otot yang
berperan dalam proses menelan
Wijting Y. 2009. Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation The Treatment od Dysphagia : A Summary of the Evidence. St. Paul: Empi Recovery Science
Teknik Rehabilitasi pada Pasien Post Stroke dengan
Disfagia
Aliran arus ini kemudian meningkatkan Jika diterapkan pada pharyngeal cortex,
atau menurunkan rangsangan neuron tDCS mampu meningkatkan dan
menghambat pharyngeal motor cortex.
di daerah tertentu distimulasi Parameter optimal untuk stimulasi anodal
berdasarkan jenis stimulasi yang ditemukan 1,5 mA selama 10 menit, atau 1
digunakan. mA selama 20 menit (Yang et al, 2012)**
*Matias R, Leochico C Friilan. 2016. Rehabilitation techniques in dysphagia management among stroke patients: a systemic review. International Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation
**Yang EJ, Back SR, Shin J, Lim JY, Jang HJ. 2012. Effects of trancranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on post stroke dysphagia. Restor Neural Neurosci 30:303-311
Kok bisa?
Cari
alasannya
Rehabilitasi pada Pasien Disfagia Post Trakeostomi di ICU
Rodriguesm KA, Machado FR, Chiari BM, Rosseti HB, Lorenzon P, Gonçalves MIR. 2015. Swallowing rehabilitation of dysphagic tracheostomized
patients under mechanical ventilation in intensive care units: a feasibility study. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva. 2015;27(1):64-71
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