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Loss of pre-stresses is the difference between the jacking force in the tendon at the pre-
stressing stage and the force after losses have occurred. Some of the losses occur
immediately when the force is transferred to the concrete, e.g elastic shortening of the
member. Other losses occur with time, e.g. creep of the concrete. The jacking force
does not exceed 90% of the characteristic strength of the tendon and is generally not
less than 75% (cl 5.10.3(2),EC2). In practice total losses of the jacking force are within
the range of 15%-40%. If large losses of pre-stress occur then the advantages of pre-
stressed concrete, e.g. no cracks at service load, are lost. It is therefore advantageous to
minimize the loss of pre-stress.
a). Relaxation of steel (cl. 5.10.4, cl. 3.3.2 and Annex D, EC2)
If a steel tendon is stressed to about 80% of its characteristic strength and anchored
over a fixed length, then after 1000h the stress will reduce. This phenomena, which is
not fully understood, is called relaxation, and may be defined as a loss of stress at
constant strain. The precise value will depend upon whether pre-tensioning or post-
tensioning is used and the characteristics of the steel type.
2 Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage
International College of Business and Technology
B.Sc.Eng (Hons), C Eng, MIE(SL)
6102BEUG- Lecture Note: 09 7/4/2019
Assuming elastic behaviour for a pre-tensioned member where the steel is bonded to
the concrete before the jacking force is transferred to the concrete.
𝜎𝑐𝑝
= 𝑓𝑠 ′/𝐸𝑝
𝐸𝑐𝑚 (𝑡)
Where, 𝜎𝑐𝑝 = Compressive stress in the concrete from axial load or pre-stressing
P0/Ac + P0e2/I
𝐸𝑐𝑚 = Secant modulus of elasticity of concrete (refer Table 3.1, eqn 3.1 & 3.5)
𝑓𝑠 ′ = Loss of stress in the steel
𝐸𝑝 = Design value of modulus of elasticity of pre-stressing steel
If fpi is the jacking stress in the steel
The design value for the modulus of elasticity Ep may be assumed equal to 205GPa for
wires and bars and 195GPa for strands.
Note-: It is normally adequate to assume 50% of the above loss in the case of post
tensioning.
Percentage loss of pre-stress due to the shrinkage of concrete = 100Ep εcs /fpi
Loss of pre-stress due to the creep of concrete = 100(Ep /Ec) φ(∞,t0)σc /fpi
at
x
L
Example 05
Determine the loss of pre-stress for the post-tensioned beam shown in figure below
which is subjected to a total jacking force P0 = 1000kN. Assume C40/50 Grade concrete,
jacking from both ends, and smooth round bars stressed to 70% of the characteristic
stress.
Example 06
A post tensioned beam shown in figure below is stressed by two tendons with a
parabolic profile and having a total cross sectional area Ap = 7500mm2. The total initial
pre-stress force is P0 = 10500kN and the total characteristic strength is Ppk = 14000kN
Analysis of a section in bending at the Ultimate Limit State (Cl. 3.1.7, EC2)
Analysis entails the determination of the moment of resistance of a section given the
size of the section and reinforcement. The behaviour of a pre-stressed concrete
member in bending at the ultimate limit state is similar to that of an ordinary reinforced
concrete member.
The basic concepts are simple and the analysis of a section in bending at ultimate load is
based on the following assumptions.
1. Plane section remain plane,
2. The strain in bonded reinforcement, whether in tension or compression, is
the same as that in the surrounding concrete.
3. The tensile strength of concrete is ignored.
4. The stresses in the reinforcement or pre-stressing steel are derived from
the design curves. (Fig. 3.8 & 3.10 in EC2)
5. The initial pre-strain in the pre-stressing tendons is taken in to account
when assessing the stresses in the tendons at the ultimate limit state.
6. For cross sections subject to pure longitudinal compression, the
compressive strain is limited to 0.002 and for bending 0.0035.
7. The tensile strain in the steel is limited to 0.02.
The partial safety factors on loads and material for this analysis are the normal values
for the ultimate limit state. However, in consideration of the effect of the pre-stress
force this force should be multiplied by a partial safety factor of 0.9 when the pre-stress
force is considered to be, as is usual, a favourable effect.
As the loads on a pre-stressed member increase above the working values, cracking
occurs and the pre-stressing steel begins to behave as conventional reinforcement. The
behaviour of the member at the ULS is exactly as that of an ordinary reinforced
concrete member except that the initial strain in the steel must be taken in to account
in the calculations.
The total steel strain is that due to bending added to the initial strain in the steel
resulting from pre-stress. For a series of assumed neutral axis positions, the total
tension capacity is compared with the compressive force developed by a uniform stress
of 0.567fck, and when reasonable agreement is obtained, the moment of resistance can
be evaluated.
The variable strut inclination method for sections that require shear reinforcement
Example 07
End of Lecture
Note 09