To Be Answered…

THINK:
How many cells are you composed of?
When an organism grows bigger do you get more cells
or just bigger cells or both?
When do your cells divide the fastest? Slowest?
Do cells ever stop dividing?
Are all cells capable of division and replacement?
Why Would a Cell Divide?
As cells absorb nutrients and get larger, the volume of the cell
increases faster than the surface area Surface area
for exchange
not great
enough to
support cell’s
needs

This means that a cell can no longer absorb nutrients and get rid
of wastes fast enough to support its demands (volume)
So what’s a cell to do?

Solution: divide in 2!
When Would a Cell Divide?
Growth
Repair or Replacement
Cancer

Different cells divide at different rates:

Most mammalian cells = 12-24 hours
Some bacterial cells = 20-30 minutes
 Getting Older…
All cells are only allowed to complete a certain
number of divisions
Then they die (programmed cell death)

How does cell division change over a

lifetime?
Childhood = cell division > cell death
Adulthood = cell division = cell death
The Later Years = cell division < cell death
Figure 8.00d
Figure 8.1
Extra Photo 08.01x
Figure 8.00c
Figure 8.5

DNA PACKAGED IN A
CHROMOSOME

(ONE DOUBLE HELIX in

each chromosome, very
long – hundreds of millions
of nucleotides!)

NOTE two chromatids:

(halves): this chromosome already has
duplicated and they are about to separate
Figure 8.6

MITOSIS –
“Double and
Divide”
Unnumbered Figure 08_UN141a
Extra Photo 08.07x

MITOSIS: all duplicated chromosomes separate

Chromosomes in the prometaphase
stage of mitosis, from a cell in the
flower of Haemanthus.
Figure 8.8a

MITOSIS steps 0-1 – Interphase and Prophase

Figure 8.8b

MITOSIS steps 2-4– Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

Extra Photo 08.08x1
Extra Photo 08.08x1a
Extra Photo 08.08x1b
Extra Photo 08.08x1c
Extra Photo 08.08x1d
Extra Photo 08.08x1e
Extra Photo 08.08x1f
Centromere locations and designations of chromosomes based on
centromere location. Note that the shape of the chromosome during
anaphase is determined by the position of the centromere.
The phases of the cell cycle. Following mitosis (M), cells enter the G1 stage of interphase, initiating a
new cycle. Cells may become nondividing (G0) or continue through G1, where they become
committed to begin DNA synthesis (S) and complete the cycle (G2 and M). Following mitosis, two
daughter cells are produced and the cycle begins anew for each cell.
The length of time spent in each phase of one
complete cell cycle of a human cell in culture. Actual
times vary according to cell types and conditions.
Mitosis in an animal cell with a
diploid number of 2n = 4. The
events occurring in each stage are
described in the text. Of the two
homologous pairs of
chromosomes, one contains
longer, metacentric arms and the
other, shorter, submetacentric
arms. The maternal chromosome
and paternal chromosome of each
pair are shown in different colors.
Part (g) illustrates the formation of
the cell plate and lack of centrioles
in a plant cell.
the formation of
the cell plate and
lack of centrioles
in a plant cell.
The three major checkpoints within
the cell cycle that regulate its
progress.
 MEIOSIS

• MAKING REPRODUCTIVE CELLS (SPERM AND

EGG) inr eproductive organs (testis, ovary)
• SIMILAR TO MEIOSIS BUT TWO STEPS, the
idea is to reduce a double set to single –
so single sets from two parents can join in
fertilization to produce baby’s double set
Unnumbered Figure 08_UN141b
Figure 8.14

[for NEXT
generation!]
Figure 8.13

Homologous (matching)
chromosomes come from your
two parents – you have TWO
SETS of chromosomes!
Overview of the major events and
outcomes of mitosis and meiosis.
Two pairs of homologous
chromosomes are followed.
The substages of meiotic prophase I
The major events during
meiosis in an animal with a
diploid number of 2n = 4
beginning with metaphase I.
Note that the combination of
chromosomes in the cells
produced following telophase
II depends on the random
alignment of each tetrad and
dyad on the metaphase plate
during metaphase I and
metaphase II. Several other
combinations (not shown) can
also be formed.
Spermatogenesi
s and oogenesis
in animal cells.
Mitosis and Meiosis Compared
Alternation of
generations between the
diploid sporophyte (2n)
and the haploid
gametophyte (n) in a
multicellular plant. This
is an angiosperm, where
the sporophyte stage is
the predominant phase.
A diagram of the mitotic chromosome and its
various components, showing how chromatin is
condensed into it.